Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Terpos E, Mateos MV, Zweegman S, Cook G, et al. Multiple Myeloma: EHA-ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Follow-up. Hemasphere. 2021;5(2):e528.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gulla A, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: the (r) evolution of current therapy and a glance into future. Haematologica. 2020;105(10):2358–67.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Durer C, Durer S, Lee S, Chakraborty R, Malik MN, Rafae A, et al. Treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma: Evidence-based recommendations. Blood Rev. 2020;39:100616.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barlogie B, Smith L, Alexanian R. Effective treatment of advanced multiple myeloma refractory to alkylating agents. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(21):1353–6.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cook G, Ashcroft AJ, Cairns DA, Williams CD, Brown JM, Cavenagh JD, et al. The effect of salvage autologous stem-cell transplantation on overall survival in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (final results from BSBMT/UKMF Myeloma X Relapse [Intensive]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(7):e340–51.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cavo M, Terpos E, Bargay J, Einsele H, Cavet J, Greil R, et al. The multiple myeloma treatment landscape: international guideline recommendations and clinical practice in Europe. (1747-4094 (Electronic)). Expert Rev Hematol. 2018;11(3):219–37.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Hulin C, Leleu X, Caillot D, Escoffre M, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone with transplantation for myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1311–20.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosiñol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, Hernández D, López-Jiménez J, de la Rubia J, et al. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012;120(8):1589–96.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos MV, Cavo M, Blade J, Dimopoulos MA, Suzuki K, Jakubowiak A, et al. Overall survival with daratumumab, bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (ALCYONE): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10218):132–41.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Attal M, Richardson PG, Rajkumar SV, San-Miguel J, Beksac M, Spicka I, et al. Isatuximab plus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (ICARIA-MM): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2019;394(10214):2096–107.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Palumbo A, Joshua D, Pour L, Hájek R, et al. Carfilzomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(1):27–38.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Oriol A, Nahi H, San-Miguel J, Bahlis NJ, Usmani SZ, et al. Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(14):1319–31.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Corradini P, Cavo M, Delforge M, Di Raimondo F, et al. Safety and efficacy of pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in STRATUS (MM-010): a phase 3b study in refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2016;128(4):497–503.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, White D, Grosicki S, Spicka I, et al. Elotuzumab Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(7):621–31.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau P, Masszi T, Grzasko N, Bahlis NJ, Hansson M, Pour L, et al. Oral Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(17):1621–34.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau P, Mateos MV, Berenson JR, Weisel K, Lazzaro A, Song K, et al. Once weekly versus twice weekly carfilzomib dosing in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (A.R.R.O.W.): interim analysis results of a randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(7):953–64.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palumbo A, Chanan-Khan A, Weisel K, Nooka AK, Masszi T, Beksac M, et al. Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):754–66.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
San-Miguel JF, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, Beksac M, Dimopoulos MA, Elghandour A, et al. Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(11):1195–206.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Masszi T, Špička I, Oriol A, et al. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(2):142–52.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Durie BG, Harousseau JL, Miguel JS, Bladé J, Barlogie B, Anderson K, et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2006;20(9):1467–73.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van de Donk N, Pawlyn C, Yong KL. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2021;397(10272):410–27.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Afram G, Gran C, Borg Bruchfeld J, Wagner AK, Hussain A, Alici E, et al. Impact of performance status on overall survival in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: Real-life outcomes of daratumumab treatment. Eur J Haematol. 2020;105(2):196–202.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Giri S, Huntington SF, Wang R, Zeidan AM, Podoltsev N, Gore SD, et al. Chromosome 1 abnormalities and survival of patients with multiple myeloma in the era of novel agents. Blood Adv. 2020;4(10):2245–53.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kumar SK, Therneau TM, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Rajkumar SV, et al. Clinical course of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(7):867–74.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vogl DT, Stadtmauer EA, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, Irwin D, et al. Impact of prior therapies on the relative efficacy of bortezomib compared with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2009;147(4):531–4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang M, Dimopoulos MA, Chen C, Cibeira MT, Attal M, Spencer A, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is more effective than dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma regardless of prior thalidomide exposure. Blood. 2008;112(12):4445–51.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kunacheewa C, Orlowski RZ. New Drugs in Multiple Myeloma. Annu Rev Med. 2019;70:521–47.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fosså A, Muer M, Kasper C, Welt A, Seeber S, Nowrousian MR. Bolus vincristine and epirubicin with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VECD) as induction and salvage treatment in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 1998;12(3):422–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee CK, Barlogie B, Zangari M, Fassas A, Anaissie E, Morris C, et al. Transplantation as salvage therapy for high-risk patients with myeloma in relapse. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(12):873–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mo CC, Richardson PG. Pomalidomide in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma: Far from futile. Br J Haematol. 2020;188(4):483–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richardson PG, Oriol A, Beksac M, Liberati AM, Galli M, Schjesvold F, et al. Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide (OPTIMISMM): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(6):781–94.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Griffin PT, Ho VQ, Fulp W, Nishihori T, Shain KH, Alsina M, et al. A comparison of salvage infusional chemotherapy regimens for recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2015;121(20):3622–30.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lakshman A, Singh PP, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, Lacy MQ, Gertz MA, et al. Efficacy of VDT PACE-like regimens in treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2018;93(2):179–86.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lenhoff S, Hjorth M, Turesson I, Westin J, Gimsing P, Wislöff F, et al. Intensive therapy for multiple myeloma in patients younger than 60 years. Long-term results focusing on the effect of the degree of response on survival and relapse pattern after transplantation. Haematologica. 2006;91(9):1228–33.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Alvares CL, Davies FE, Horton C, Patel G, Powles R, Morgan GJ. The role of second autografts in the management of myeloma at first relapse. Haematologica. 2006;91(1):141–2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qazilbash MH, Saliba R, De Lima M, Hosing C, Couriel D, Aleman A, et al. Second autologous or allogeneic transplantation after the failure of first autograft in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2006;106(5):1084–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paccagnella A, Chiarion-Sileni V, Soesan M, Baggio G, Bolzonella S, De Besi P, et al. Second and third responses to the same induction regimen in relapsing patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer. 1991;68(5):975–80.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Falco P, Cavallo F, Ambrosini MT, Avonto I, et al. Time to first disease progression, but not beta2-microglobulin, predicts outcome in myeloma patients who receive thalidomide as salvage therapy. Cancer. 2007;110(4):824–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kastritis E, Roussou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Kanellias N, Migkou M, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, et al. Impact of last lenalidomide dose, duration, and IMiD-free interval in patients with myeloma treated with pomalidomide/dexamethasone. Blood Adv. 2019;3(23):4095–103.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, Fraser R, Mingwei F, Akpek G, Cornell R, et al. Early relapse after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation remains a poor prognostic factor in multiple myeloma but outcomes have improved over time. Leukemia. 2018;32(4):986–95.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos MV, Martínez-López J, Hernández MT, Ocio EM, Rosiñol L, Martínez R, et al. Sequential vs alternating administration of VMP and Rd in elderly patients with newly diagnosed MM. Blood. 2016;127(4):420–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson KC, Durie B, Landgren O, Moreau P, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):e328–46.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bladé J, Samson D, Reece D, Apperley J, Björkstrand B, Gahrton G, et al. Criteria for evaluating disease response and progression in patients with multiple myeloma treated by high-dose therapy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Myeloma Subcommittee of the EBMT. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplant. Br J Haematol. 1998;102(5):1115–23.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paiva B, Puig N, Cedena MT, Rosiñol L, Cordón L, Vidriales MB, et al. Measurable Residual Disease by Next-Generation Flow Cytometry in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(8):784–92.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hillengass J, Usmani S, Rajkumar SV, Durie BGM, Mateos MV, Lonial S, et al. International myeloma working group consensus recommendations on imaging in monoclonal plasma cell disorders. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(6):e302–12.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deighan WI, Winton VJ, Melani RD, Anderson LC, McGee JP, Schachner LF, et al. Development of novel methods for non-canonical myeloma protein analysis with an innovative adaptation of immunofixation electrophoresis, native top-down mass spectrometry, and middle-down de novo sequencing. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020.
Jackson GH, Davies FE, Pawlyn C, Cairns DA, Striha A, Collett C, et al. Response-adapted intensification with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus no intensification in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (Myeloma XI): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(12):e616–29.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Moreau P, Siegel DS, Goldschmidt H, Niesvizky R, Bringhen S, Orlowski RZ, et al. Subgroup Analysis of Patients with Biochemical or Symptomatic Relapse at the Time of Enrollment in the Endeavor Study. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):3243.
Google Scholar
Alexanian R, Balcerzak S, Bonnet JD, Gehan EA, Haut A, Hewlett JS, et al. Prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Cancer. 1975;36(4):1192–201.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau P., Dimopoulos M.A., Mikhael J., Yong K., Capra M., Facon T., et al., Isatuximab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone vs carfilzomib and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (IKEMA): Interim analysis of a phase 3, randomized, open-label study, in The 25th European Hematology Association Annual Congress (EHA25 Virtual). 2020.
Dimopoulos M, Quach H, Mateos MV, Landgren O, Leleu X, Siegel D, et al. Carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab versus carfilzomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CANDOR): results from a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2020;396(10245):186–97.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miguel JS, Weisel K, Moreau P, Lacy M, Song K, Delforge M, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1055–66.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Boccadoro M, Delimpasi S, Beksac M, Katodritou E, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone in previously treated multiple myeloma (APOLLO): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(6):801–12.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spencer A, Lentzsch S, Weisel K, Avet-Loiseau H, Mark TM, Spicka I, et al. Daratumumab plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: updated analysis of CASTOR. Haematologica. 2018;103(12):2079–87.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Lonial S, Betts KA, Chen C, Zichlin ML, Brun A, et al. Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Extended 4-year follow-up and analysis of relative progression-free survival from the randomized ELOQUENT-2 trial. Cancer. 2018;124(20):4032–43.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos MV, Blacklock H, Schjesvold F, Oriol A, Simpson D, George A, et al. Pembrolizumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (KEYNOTE-183): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(9):e459–69.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(5):548–67.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Stewart AK, Masszi T, Špička I, Oriol A, Hájek R, et al. Carfilzomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone vs lenalidomide-dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma by previous treatment. Blood Cancer J. 2017;7(4):e554.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Siegel DS, Dimopoulos MA, Ludwig H, Facon T, Goldschmidt H, Jakubowiak A, et al. Improvement in Overall Survival With Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(8):728–34.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jakubowiak A, Rosenbaum C, Stephens L, Kukreti V, Cole C, Zimmerman T, et al. Final results of phase (ph) 1/2 study of carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (KPD) in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): a multi-center MMRC study, in The 22th Congress of the European Hematology Association. Madrid, Spain; 2017.
Rosenbaum CA, Stephens LA, Kukreti V, Zonder JA, Cole C, Zimmerman TM, et al. Phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (KPd) in patients (Pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): A Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15_suppl):8007.
Google Scholar
Shah JJ, Stadtmauer EA, Abonour R, Cohen AD, Bensinger W, Gasparetto C, et al. Phase I/II Dose Expansion Of a Multi-Center Trial Of Carfilzomib and Pomalidomide With Dexamethasone (Car-Pom-d) In Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2013;122(21):690.
Google Scholar
Sonneveld P, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA, Ukropec J, Smith E, Houkes N, et al. Pomalidomide and dexamethasone (pom-dex) with or without daratumumab (DARA) in patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): A multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study (APOLLO). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(15_suppl):TPS8059.
Google Scholar
Mushtaq A, Iftikhar A, Hassan H, Lakhani M, Sagar F, Kamal A, et al. Pomalidomide-Based Regimens for Treatment of Relapsed and Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Phase 2 and 3 Clinical Trials. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019;19(7):447–61.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chari A, Vogl DT, Gavriatopoulou M, Nooka AK, Yee AJ, Huff CA, et al. Oral Selinexor-Dexamethasone for Triple-Class Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(8):727–38.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos MV, Masszi T, Grzasko N, Hansson M, Sandhu I, Pour L, et al. Impact of prior therapy on the efficacy and safety of oral ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone vs. placebo-lenalidomide-dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma in TOURMALINE-MM1. Haematologica. 2017;102(10):1767–75.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Richardson PG, Attal M, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel J, Beksac M, Spicka I, et al. A phase III randomized, open label, multicenter study comparing isatuximab, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):8004.
Google Scholar
Chari A, Suvannasankha A, Fay JW, Arnulf B, Kaufman JL, Ifthikharuddin JJ, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017;130(8):974–81.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van de Donk N, Richardson PG, Malavasi F. CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma: back to the future. Blood. 2018;131(1):13–29.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreno L, Perez C, Zabaleta A, Manrique I, Alignani D, Ajona D, et al. The Mechanism of Action of the Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibody Isatuximab in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(10):3176–87.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
European Commission approves Sarclisa® (isatuximab) for adults with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Published June 2, 2020. https://bit.ly/2U6kxpD. Accessed June 2, 2020.
Mateos MV, Sonneveld P, Hungria V, Nooka AK, Estell JA, Barreto W, et al. Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone Versus Bortezomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma: Three-year Follow-up of CASTOR. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020;20(8):509–18.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bahlis NJ, Dimopoulos MA, White DJ, Benboubker L, Cook G, Leiba M, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: extended follow-up of POLLUX, a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study. Leukemia. 2020;34(7):1875–84.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kaufman J, Usmani S, San-Miguel J, Bahlis N, White D, Benboubker L, et al. Four-Year Follow-up of the Phase 3 Pollux Study of Daratumumab Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (D-Rd) Versus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (Rd) Alone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM). Blood. 2019;134:1866.
Google Scholar
van Beurden-Tan CHY, Franken MG, Blommestein HM, Uyl-de Groot CA, Sonneveld P. Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Treatment Outcomes in Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(12):1312–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mateos MV, Nahi H, Legiec W, Grosicki S, Vorobyev V, Spicka I, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous daratumumab in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (COLUMBA): a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(5):e370–80.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Raab MS, Engelhardt M, Blank A, Goldschmidt H, Agis H, Blau IW, et al. MOR202, a novel anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a first-in-human, multicentre, phase 1-2a trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(5):e381–94.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Dytfeld D, Grosicki S, Moreau P, Takezako N, Hori M, et al. Elotuzumab plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(19):1811–22.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richardson PG, Bringhen S, Voorhees P, Plesner T, Mellqvist UH, Reeves B, et al. Melflufen plus dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (O-12-M1): a multicentre, international, open-label, phase 1-2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(5):e395–407.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grosicki S, Simonova M, Spicka I, Pour L, Kriachok I, Gavriatopoulou M, et al. Once-per-week selinexor, bortezomib, and dexamethasone versus twice-per-week bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma (BOSTON): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10262):1563–73.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ocio EM, Efebera YA, Granell M, Hajek R, Maisnar V, Karlin L, et al. ANCHOR (OP-104): Updated Efficacy and Safety from a Phase 1/2 Study of Melflufen and Dexamethasone Plus Bortezomib or Daratumumab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) Refractory to an IMiD or a Proteasome Inhibitor (PI). Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):3124.
Google Scholar
Basali D, Chakraborty R, Rybicki L, Rosko N, Reed J, Karam M, et al. Real-world data on safety and efficacy of venetoclax-based regimens in relapsed/refractory t(11;14) multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2020;189(6):1136–40.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kumar S, Harrison SJ, Cavo M, Rubia JdL, Popat R, Gasparetto C, et al. Updated results from BELLINI, a phase III study of venetoclax or placebo in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):8509.
Google Scholar
Bahlis NJ, Sutherland H, White D, Sebag M, Lentzsch S, Kotb R, et al. Selinexor plus low-dose bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;132(24):2546–54.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
San-Miguel JF, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, Beksac M, Dimopoulos MA, Elghandour A, et al. Overall survival of patients with relapsed multiple myeloma treated with panobinostat or placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone (the PANORAMA 1 trial): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2016;3(11):e506–15.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bertamini L, Bonello F, Boccadoro M, Bringhen S. New drugs in early development for treating multiple myeloma: all that glitters is not gold. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2020;29(9):989–1004.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bjorklund CC, Kang J, Amatangelo M, Polonskaia A, Katz M, Chiu H, et al. Iberdomide (CC-220) is a potent cereblon E3 ligase modulator with antitumor and immunostimulatory activities in lenalidomide- and pomalidomide-resistant multiple myeloma cells with dysregulated CRBN. Leukemia. 2020;34(4):1197–201.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wong L, Jiménez Nuñez MD, Bahlis NJ, Vangsted AJ, Ramasamy K, Trudel S, et al. Pharmacodynamic (PD) responses drive dose/schedule selection of CC-92480, a novel CELMoD agent, in a phase 1 dose-escalation study in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):8531.
Google Scholar
Lonial S, Van de Donk N, Popat R, Zonder JA, Minnema M, Larsen JT, et al. A Phase 1b/2a Study of the CELMoD Iberdomide (CC-220) in Combination With Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019;19(10):e52–3.
Google Scholar
van de Donk NWCJ, Popat R, Larsen J, Minnema MC, Jagannath S, Oriol A, et al. First Results of Iberdomide (IBER; CC-220) in Combination with Dexamethasone (DEX) and Daratumumab (DARA) or Bortezomib (BORT) in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM). Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):16–7.
Google Scholar
Richardson P. G., Vangsted A. J., Ramasamy K., Trudel S., Martínez J., Mateos M.V., et al., First-in-human Phase 1 study of the novel celmod agent CC-92480 combined with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, in The 25th European Hematology Association Annual Congress (EHA25 Virtual). 2020.
Google Scholar
Gandhi UH, Cornell RF, Lakshman A, Gahvari ZJ, McGehee E, Jagosky MH, et al. Outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma refractory to CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. Leukemia. 2019;33(9):2266–75.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shah N, Chari A, Scott E, Mezzi K, Usmani SZ. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: rationale for targeting and current therapeutic approaches. Leukemia. 2020;34(4):985–1005.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lonial S, Lee HC, Badros A, Trudel S, Nooka AK, Chari A, et al. Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): a two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(2):207–21.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nooka A.K., Mateos Manteca M.V., Bahlis N., Weisel K., Oriol A., Alonso Alonso A., et al., DREAMM-4: Evaluating safety and clinical activity of belantamab mafodotin in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), in The 25th European Hematology Association Annual Congress (EHA25 Virtual). 2020.
Google Scholar
Popat R., Stockerl-Goldstein K., Quach H., Forbes A., Mateos M.V., Khot A., et al., DREAMM-6: Safety and tolerability of belantamab mafodotin in combination with bortezomib/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), in The 25th European Hematology Association Annual Congress (EHA25 Virtual). 2020.
Google Scholar
Munshi NC, Anderson LD Jr, Shah N, Madduri D, Berdeja J, Lonial S, et al. Idecabtagene Vicleucel in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):705–16.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mailankody S, Ghosh A, Staehr M, Purdon TJ, Roshal M, Halton E, et al. Clinical Responses and Pharmacokinetics of MCARH171, a Human-Derived Bcma Targeted CAR T Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Final Results of a Phase I Clinical Trial. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):959.
Google Scholar
Madduri D, Berdeja JG, Usmani SZ, Jakubowiak A, Agha M, Cohen AD, et al. CARTITUDE-1: Phase 1b/2 Study of Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel, a B-Cell Maturation Antigen-Directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy, in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):22–5.
Google Scholar
Costello CL, Cohen AD, Patel KK, Ali SS, Berdeja JG, Shah N, et al. Phase 1/2 Study of the Safety and Response of P-BCMA-101 CAR-T Cells in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory (r/r) Multiple Myeloma (MM) (PRIME) with Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):29–30.
Google Scholar
Kumar SK, Baz RC, Orlowski RZ, Anderson LD Jr, Ma H, Shrewsbury A, et al. Results from Lummicar-2: A Phase 1b/2 Study of Fully Human B-Cell Maturation Antigen-Specific CAR T Cells (CT053) in Patients with Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):28–9.
Google Scholar
Brudno JN, Maric I, Hartman SD, Rose JJ, Wang M, Lam N, et al. T Cells Genetically Modified to Express an Anti–B-Cell Maturation Antigen Chimeric Antigen Receptor Cause Remissions of Poor-Prognosis Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(22):2267–80.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cohen AD, Garfall AL, Stadtmauer EA, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, Lancaster E, et al. B cell maturation antigen-specific CAR T cells are clinically active in multiple myeloma. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(6):2210–21.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alsina M., Shah N., Raje N. S., Jagannath S., Madduri D., Kaufman J. L., et al., Updated Results from the Phase I CRB-402 Study of Anti-Bcma CAR-T Cell Therapy bb21217 in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Correlation of Expansion and Duration of Response with T Cell Phenotypes, in 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition (Online). 2020: O.
Green DJ, Pont M, Sather BD, Cowan AJ, Turtle CJ, Till BG, et al. Fully Human Bcma Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Administered in a Defined Composition Demonstrate Potency at Low Doses in Advanced Stage High Risk Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2018;(132, Supplement 1):1011.
Liu Y, Chen Z, Fang H, Wei R, Yu K, Jiang S, et al. Durable Remission Achieved from Bcma-Directed CAR-T Therapy Against Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2018;132:956.
Google Scholar
Mikkilineni L, Manasanch E, Lam N, Vanasse D, Brudno J, Maric I, et al. T Cells Expressing an Anti-B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) Chimeric Antigen Receptor with a Fully-Human Heavy-Chain-Only Antigen Recognition Domain Induce Remissions in Patients with Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2019;134:3230.
Google Scholar
Li C, Wang J, Wang D, Hu G, Yang Y, Zhou X, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fully Human Bcma Targeting CAR T Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):929.
Google Scholar
An G, Sui W, Wang T, Qu X, Zhang X, Yang J, et al. An Anti-Bcma CAR T-Cell Therapy (C-CAR088) Shows Promising Safety and Efficacy Profile in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2020;(136, Supplement 1):29–30.
Mailankody S, Matous JV, Liedtke M, Sidana S, Malik S, Nath R, et al. Universal: An Allogeneic First-in-Human Study of the Anti-Bcma ALLO-715 and the Anti-CD52 ALLO-647 in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):24–5.
Google Scholar
Berdeja JG, Madduri D, Usmani SZ, Singh I, Zudaire E, Yeh T-M, et al. Update of CARTITUDE-1: A phase Ib/II study of JNJ-4528, a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CAR-T-cell therapy, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):8505.
Google Scholar
Mailankody S, Jakubowiak AJ, Htut M, Costa LJ, Lee K, Ganguly S, et al. Orvacabtagene autoleucel (orva-cel), a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CAR T cell therapy for patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): update of the phase 1/2 EVOLVE study (NCT03430011). J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(15_suppl):8504.
Google Scholar
Cowan AJ, Pont M, Sather BD, Turtle CJ, Till BG, Nagengast AM, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fully Human Bcma CAR T Cells in Combination with a Gamma Secretase Inhibitor to Increase Bcma Surface Expression in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):204.
Google Scholar
Lam N, Trinklein ND, Buelow B, Patterson GH, Ojha N, Kochenderfer JN. Anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptors with fully human heavy-chain-only antigen recognition domains. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):283.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shah N, Alsina M, Siegel DS, Jagannath S, Madduri D, Kaufman JL, et al. Initial Results from a Phase 1 Clinical Study of bb21217, a Next-Generation Anti Bcma CAR T Therapy. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):488.
Google Scholar
Xu J, Chen LJ, Yang SS, Sun Y, Wu W, Liu YF, et al. Exploratory trial of a biepitopic CAR T-targeting B cell maturation antigen in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(19):9543–51.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yan Z, Cao J, Cheng H, Qiao J, Zhang H, Wang Y, et al. A combination of humanised anti-CD19 and anti-BCMA CAR T cells in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(10):e521–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li C, Mei H, Hu Y, Guo T, Liu L, Jiang H, et al. A Bispecific CAR-T Cell Therapy Targeting Bcma and CD38 for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated Results from a Phase 1 Dose-Climbing Trial. Blood. 2019;134:930.
Google Scholar
Baumeister SH, Murad J, Werner L, Daley H, Trebeden-Negre H, Gicobi JK, et al. Phase I Trial of Autologous CAR T Cells Targeting NKG2D Ligands in Patients with AML/MDS and Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7(1):100–12.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carrabba MG, Casucci M, Hudecek M, Quintarelli C, Briones J, Hajek R, et al. Phase I-IIa Clinical Trial to Assess Safety and Efficacy of MLM-CAR44.1, a CD44v6 Directed CAR-T in Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Multiple Myeloma (MM). Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):5790.
Google Scholar
Guo B, Chen M, Han Q, Hui F, Dai H, Zhang W, et al. CD138-directed adoptive immunotherapy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells for multiple myeloma. J Cell Immunother. 2016;2(1):28–35.
Google Scholar
Popat R, Zweegman S, Cavet J, Yong K, Lee L, Faulkner J, et al. Phase 1 First-in-Human Study of AUTO2, the First Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Targeting APRIL for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM). Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):3112.
Google Scholar
Ramos CA, Savoldo B, Torrano V, Ballard B, Zhang H, Dakhova O, et al. Clinical responses with T lymphocytes targeting malignancy-associated κ light chains. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(7):2588–96.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith EL, Harrington K, Staehr M, Masakayan R, Jones J, Long TJ, et al. GPRC5D is a target for the immunotherapy of multiple myeloma with rationally designed CAR T cells. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(485).
Stadtmauer EA, Faitg TH, Lowther DE, Badros AZ, Chagin K, Dengel K, et al. Long-term safety and activity of NY-ESO-1 SPEAR T cells after autologous stem cell transplant for myeloma. Blood Adv. 2019;3(13):2022–34.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fernandez de Larrea C, Staehr M, Lopez A, Chen Y, Purdon TJ, Ng KY, et al. Optimal Dual-Targeted CAR Construct Simultaneously Targeting Bcma and GPRC5D Prevents Bcma-Escape Driven Relapse in Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):136.
Google Scholar
Costello, C., N. Raje, N. Bahlis, B. Dholaria, M. Solh, M. Levy, et al. MAGNETISMM-1: Phase 1 study of elranatamab (PF-06863135), a B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) targeted CD3-engaging bispecific antibody for patienta with relapsed or refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM). (Oral communication). in European Hematology Association (EHA) Virtual Congress 2021 (June 09-17). 2021.
Krishnan, A.Y., J.G. Berdeja, A. Oriol, N.W.C.J. van de Donk, P. Rodríguez-Otero, E. Askari, et al. Talquetamab, a G Protein-coupled Receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) × CD3 bispecific antibody, in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated results of a phase 1, first-in-human study. in European Hematology Association (EHA) Virtual Congress 2021 (June 09-17). 2021.
Cohen AD, Harrison SJ, Krishnan A, Fonseca R, Forsberg PA, Spencer A, et al. Initial Clinical Activity and Safety of BFCR4350A, a FcRH5/CD3 T-Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibody, in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):42–3.
Google Scholar
Rajkumar SV, Kumar S. Multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms. Blood Cancer J. 2020;10(9):94.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goldsmith SR, Fiala MA, Wang B, Schroeder MA, Wildes TM, Ghobadi A, et al. DCEP and bendamustine/prednisone as salvage therapy for quad- and penta-refractory multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(5):1041–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kazandjian D, Mo CC, Landgren O, Richardson PG. The role of high-dose melphalan with autologous stem-cell transplant in multiple myeloma: is it time for a paradigm shift. Br J Haematol. 2020;191(5):692–703.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Auner HW, Szydlo R, Rone A, Chaidos A, Giles C, Kanfer E, et al. Salvage autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma relapsing or progressing after up-front autologous transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(10):2200–4.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nieto Y, Valdez BC, Pingali SR, Bassett R, Delgado R, Nguyen J, et al. High-dose gemcitabine, busulfan, and melphalan for autologous stem-cell transplant in patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma: a phase 2 trial and matched-pair comparison with melphalan. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(6):e283–92.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dhakal B, D'Souza A, Kleman A, Chhabra S, Mohan M, Hari P. Salvage second transplantation in relapsed multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2020.
Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Inwards DJ, Gastineau DA, Tefferi A, Chen MG, et al. Delayed stem cell transplantation for the management of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;26(1):45–50.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gonsalves WI, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, Dispenzieri A, Hayman SR, Buadi FK, et al. Second auto-SCT for treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48(4):568–73.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gössi U, Jeker B, Mansouri Taleghani B, Bacher U, Novak U, Betticher D, et al. Prolonged survival after second autologous transplantation and lenalidomide maintenance for salvage treatment of myeloma patients at first relapse after prior autograft. Hematol Oncol. 2018;36(2):436–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lemieux E, Hulin C, Caillot D, Tardy S, Dorvaux V, Michel J, et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation: an effective salvage therapy in multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19(3):445–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manjappa S, Fiala MA, King J, Kohnen DA, Vij R. The efficacy of salvage autologous stem cell transplant among patients with multiple myeloma who received maintenance therapy post initial transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018;53(11):1483–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michaelis LC, Saad A, Zhong X, Le-Rademacher J, Freytes CO, Marks DI, et al. Salvage second hematopoietic cell transplantation in myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013;19(5):760–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sellner L, Heiss C, Benner A, Raab MS, Hillengass J, Hose D, et al. Autologous retransplantation for patients with recurrent multiple myeloma: a single-center experience with 200 patients. Cancer. 2013;119(13):2438–46.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shah N, Ahmed F, Bashir Q, Qureshi S, Dinh Y, Rondon G, et al. Durable remission with salvage second autotransplants in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2012;118(14):3549–55.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Singh Abbi KK, Zheng J, Devlin SM, Giralt S, Landau H. Second autologous stem cell transplant: an effective therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(3):468–72.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Veltri LW, Milton DR, Delgado R, Shah N, Patel K, Nieto Y, et al. Outcome of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2017;123(18):3568–75.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zannetti BA, Tacchetti P, Pantani L, Gamberi B, Tosi P, Rocchi S, et al. Novel agent-based salvage autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2017;96(12):2071–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldschmidt H, Baertsch MA, Schlenzka J, Becker N, Habermehl C, Hielscher T, et al. Salvage autologous transplant and lenalidomide maintenance vs. lenalidomide/dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma: the randomized GMMG phase III trial ReLApsE. Leukemia. 2020.
Cook G, Royle KL, O'Connor S, Cairns DA, Ashcroft AJ, Williams CD, et al. The impact of cytogenetics on duration of response and overall survival in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (long-term follow-up results from BSBMT/UKMF Myeloma X Relapse [Intensive]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Br J Haematol. 2019;185(3):450–67.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McCarthy PL, Holstein SA, Petrucci MT, Richardson PG, Hulin C, Tosi P, et al. Lenalidomide Maintenance After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(29):3279–89.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Durie BGM, Hoering A, Abidi MH, Rajkumar SV, Epstein J, Kahanic SP, et al. Bortezomib with lenalidomide and dexamethasone versus lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone in patients with newly diagnosed myeloma without intent for immediate autologous stem-cell transplant (SWOG S0777): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10068):519–27.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bringhen S, D'Agostino M, Paris L, Ballanti S, Pescosta N, Spada S, et al. Lenalidomide-based induction and maintenance in elderly newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: updated results of the EMN01 randomized trial. Haematologica. 2020;105(7):1937–47.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Facon T, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, Catalano JV, Belch A, Cavo M, et al. Final analysis of survival outcomes in the phase 3 FIRST trial of up-front treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;131(3):301–10.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rajkumar SV. Updated Diagnostic Criteria and Staging System for Multiple Myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2016;35:e418–23.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau P, Zamagni E, Mateos MV. Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma progressing on frontline-therapy with lenalidomide. Blood Cancer J. 2019;9(4):38.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mateos M-V, Berdeja JG, Dimopoulos MA, Siegel DS, Ho PJ, Huang M, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Carfilzomib and Dexamethasone in Lenalidomide Exposed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients: Combined Analysis of Carfilzomib Trials. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):1963.
Google Scholar
Siegel DS, Schiller GJ, Samaras C, Sebag M, Berdeja J, Ganguly S, et al. Pomalidomide, dexamethasone, and daratumumab in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma after lenalidomide treatment. Leukemia. 2020;34(12):3286–97.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sonneveld P, Zweegman S, Cavo M, Nasserinejad K, Troia R, Pour L, et al. Carfilzomib, Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone (KPd) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Refractory to Bortezomib and Lenalidomide. the EMN011 Trial. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):801.
Google Scholar
Dimopoulos MA, Weisel K, Moreau P, Anderson L, White DJ, San-Miguel JF, et al. Pomalidomide + Bortezomib + Low-Dose Dexamethasone Vs Bortezomib + Low-Dose Dexamethasone As Second-Line Treatment in Patients with Lenalidomide-Pretreated Multiple Myeloma: A Subgroup Analysis of the Phase 3 Optimismm Trial. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):3278.
Google Scholar
Sanchez L, Barley K, Richter J, Franz J, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, et al. Immunomodulatory drug- and proteasome inhibitor-backbone regimens in the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma: an evidence-based review. Expert Rev Hematol. 2020;13(9):943–58.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Usmani SZ, Quach H, Mateos M-V, Landgren O, Leleu X, Siegel DS, et al. Carfilzomib, Dexamethasone, and Daratumumab Versus Carfilzomib and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Primary Analysis Results from the Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 3 Study Candor (NCT03158688). Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_2):LBA-6.
Google Scholar
Orlowski RZ, Moreau P, Niesvizky R, Ludwig H, Oriol A, Chng WJ, et al. Carfilzomib-Dexamethasone Versus Bortezomib-Dexamethasone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated Overall Survival, Safety, and Subgroups. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019;19(8):522–30 e1.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau P, Joshua D, Chng WJ, Palumbo A, Goldschmidt H, Hájek R, et al. Impact of prior treatment on patients with relapsed multiple myeloma treated with carfilzomib and dexamethasone vs bortezomib and dexamethasone in the phase 3 ENDEAVOR study. Leukemia. 2017;31(1):115–22.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bringhen S, Pour L, Vorobyev V, Vural F, Warzocha K, Benboubker L, et al. Isatuximab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma according to prior lines of treatment and refractory status: ICARIA-MM subgroup analysis. Leuk Res. 2021;104:106576.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weisel K., Quach H., Nooka A., Samoylova O., Venner C. P., Kim K., et al., Carfilzomib, dexamethasone (kd) and daratumumab versus kd in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: subgroup analysis of the candor study by number of prior lines of therapy and prior therapies, in The 25th European Hematology Association Annual Congress (EHA25 Virtual). 2020.
Gooding S, Lau IJ, Sheikh M, Roberts P, Wong J, Dickens E, et al. Double Relapsed and/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Outcomes and Real World Healthcare Costs. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):e0136207.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Usmani S, Ahmadi T, Ng Y, Lam A, Desai A, Potluri R, et al. Analysis of Real-World Data on Overall Survival in Multiple Myeloma Patients With ≥3 Prior Lines of Therapy Including a Proteasome Inhibitor (PI) and an Immunomodulatory Drug (IMiD), or Double Refractory to a PI and an IMiD. Oncologist. 2016;21(11):1355–61.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lonial S, Weiss BM, Usmani SZ, Singhal S, Chari A, Bahlis NJ, et al. Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment-refractory multiple myeloma (SIRIUS): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. (1474-547X (Electronic)). Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1551–60.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
San Miguel JF, Weisel KC, Song KW, Delforge M, Karlin L, Goldschmidt H, et al. Impact of prior treatment and depth of response on survival in MM-003, a randomized phase 3 study comparing pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2015;100(10):1334–9.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Usmani S, Nahi H, Plesner T, Weiss B, Bahlis N, Belch A, et al. Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: final results from the phase 2 GEN501 and SIRIUS trials. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7:e447–55.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bringhen S, Attal M, Pour L, Vorobyev V, Vural F, Warzocha K, et al. ICARIA-MM study: efficacy analysis according to prior lines of treatment. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2019;19(10):e245–6.
Google Scholar
Chari A, Martinez-Lopez J, Mateos MV, Bladé J, Benboubker L, Oriol A, et al. Daratumumab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2019;134(5):421–31.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bringhen S, Mina R, Cafro AM, Liberati AM, Spada S, Belotti A, et al. Once-weekly carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory myeloma: a phase I/II study. Leukemia. 2018;32(8):1803–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang Y, Li Y, Gu H, Dong M, Cai Z. Emerging agents and regimens for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):150.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cedena MT, Martin-Clavero E, Wong S, Shah N, Bahri N, Alonso R, et al. The clinical significance of stringent complete response in multiple myeloma is surpassed by minimal residual disease measurements. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(8):e0237155.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gagelmann N, Riecken K, Wolschke C, Berger C, Ayuk FA, Fehse B, et al. Development of CAR-T cell therapies for multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2020;34(9):2317–32.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chari A, Richardson PG, Romanus D, Dimopoulos MA, Sonneveld P, Terpos E, et al. Real-world outcomes and factors impacting treatment choice in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): a comparison of VRd, KRd, and IRd. Expert Rev Hematol. 2020;13(4):421–33.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chari A, Romanus D, Palumbo A, Blazer M, Farrelly E, Raju A, et al. Randomized Clinical Trial Representativeness and Outcomes in Real-World Patients: Comparison of 6 Hallmark Randomized Clinical Trials of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020;20(1):8–17 e16.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bruno AS, Willson JL, Opalinska JM, Nelson JJ, Lunacsek OE, Stafkey-Mailey DR, et al. Recent real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in US patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol. 2020;13(9):1017–25.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richardson PG, San Miguel JF, Moreau P, Hajek R, Dimopoulos MA, Laubach JP, et al. Interpreting clinical trial data in multiple myeloma: translating findings to the real-world setting. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(11):109.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Terpos E, Engelhardt M, Cook G, Gay F, Mateos MV, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, et al. Management of patients with multiple myeloma in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: a consensus paper from the European Myeloma Network (EMN). Leukemia. 2020;34(8):2000–11.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pawlyn C, Davies FE. Toward personalized treatment in multiple myeloma based on molecular characteristics. Blood. 2019;133(7):660–75.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar