Barber CEH, Smith A, Esdaile JM, Barnabe C, Martin OM, Faris P, et al. Best practices for cardiovascular disease prevention in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of guideline recommendations and quality indicators. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(2):169–79.
Article
Google Scholar
Lee JJ, Pope JE. A meta-analysis of the risk of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:435.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meune C, Touze E, Trinquart L, Allanore Y. Trends in cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over 50 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2009; doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kep252.
De Bree A, Verschuren WMM, Kromhout D, Kluijtmans LAJ, Blom HJ. Homocysteine determinants and the evidence to what extent homocysteine determines the risk of coronary heart disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2002;54(4):599–618.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khandanpour L, Loke YK, Meyer FJ, Jennings B, Armon MP. Homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009;38:316–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Amaya-Amaya J, Espinosa-Serna JS, Herrera-Diaz S, Anaya J-M, Rojas-Villaraga A. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review in Latin America. Arthritis. 2012;2012:371909.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, Lorenzini S, Bisogno S, Galeazzi M, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a cardiovascular risk factor in autoimmune diseases? Lupus. 2007;16:852–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fujimaki C, Hayashi H, Tsubois S, Matsuyama T, Kosuge K, Yamada H, et al. Plasma total homocysteine level and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C > T genetic polymorphism in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biomarkers. 2009;14(1):49–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lopez-Olivo MA O, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Villa-Manzano AI, Cota-Sanchez AR, Salazar-Paramo M, et al. Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia in Mexican patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35:112–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berglund S, Wållberg Jonsson S, Rantapää DS. Atherothrombotic events in rheumatoid arthritis are predicted by homocysteine - a six-year follow-up study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27(5):822–5.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, Lorenzini S, Bisogno S, Galeazzi M, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2007;6:503–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schroecksnadel K, Frick B, Kaser S, Wirleitner B, Ledochowski M, Mur E, et al. Moderate hyperhomocysteinaemia and immune activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;338:157–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turiel M, Atzeni F, Tomasoni L, de Portu S, Delfino L, Bodini BD, et al. Non-invasive assessment of coronary flow reserve and ADMA levels: a case–control study of early rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2009;48:834–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Woolf K, Manore MM. Elevated plasma homocysteine and low vitamin B-6 status in nonsupplementing older women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:443–53.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Visentin M, Diop-Bove N, Zhao R, Goldman ID. The intestinal absorption of folates. Annu Rev Physiol. 2014;76:251–74.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kunisawa J, Hashimoto E, Ishikawa I, Kiyono H. A pivotal role of vitamin B9 in the maintenance of regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32094.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seetharam B, Alpers DH. Absorption and transport Of cobalamine (vitamine B12). Ann Rev Nutr. 1982;2:343–69.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Albersen M, Bosma M, Knoers NVVAM, de Ruiter BHB, Diekman EF, et al. The intestine plays a substantial role in human vitamin B6 metabolism: a caco-2 cell model. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54113.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nissinen R, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nieminen AM, Halme L, Fa¨rkkila¨ M, Palosuo T, et al. Immune activation in the small intestine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1327–30.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yeoh N, Burton JP, Suppiah P, Reid G, Stebbings S. The role of the microbiome in rheumatic diseases. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:314.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Seriolo B, Fasciolo D, Sulli A, Cutolo M. Homocysteine and antiphospholipid antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients: relationships with thrombotic events. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19:561–4.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Olech E, Merill JT. The prevalence and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Cur Rheumatol Rep. 2006;8:100–8.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Whittle SL, Huhghes RA. Folate supplementation and methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a review. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2004;43:267–71.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Haagsma CJ, Blom HJ, van Riel PLCM, van’t Hof MA, Giesendorf BAJ, van Oppenraaij-Emmerzaal D, et al. Influence of sulphasalazine, methotrexate, and the combination of both on plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:79–84.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Van Ede AE, Laan RFJM, Blom HJ, Boers GHJ, Haagsma CJ, Thomas CMG, et al. Homocysteine and folate status in methotrexate-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol (Oxf). 2002;41:658–65.
Article
Google Scholar
Prey S, Paul C. Effect of folic or folinic acid supplementation on methotrexate-associated safety and efficacy in inflammatory disease: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:622–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baggot JE, Morgan SL. Methotrexate catabolism to 7-hydroxy methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis alters drug efficacy and retention and is reduced by folic acid supplements. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(8):2257–61.
Article
Google Scholar
Shea B, Swinden MV, Ghogomu ET, Orti Z, Katchamart W, Rader T, et al. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(6):1049–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mendes RH, Mostarda C, Candido GO, Moraes-Silva IC, D’Almeida V, Bello-Klein A, et al. Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia provokes dysfunction of cardiovascular autonomic system and liver oxidative stress in rats. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical. 2014;180:43–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
De Bree A, van Mierlo LA, Draijer R. Folic acid improves vascular reactivity in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:610–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen S, Li N, Deb-Chatterji M, Dong Q, Kielsten JT, Weissenborn K, et al. Asymmetric dimethyarginine as marker and mediator in ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13:15983–6004.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rocha MS, Teerlink T, Janssen MCH, Kluijtman LAS, Smulders Y, Jakobs C, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine in adults with cystathionine-synthase deficiency. Atheroscler. 2012;222:509–11.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sydow K, Schwedhelm E, Arakawa N, Bode-Böger SM, Tsikas D, Hornig B, et al. ADMA and oxidative stress are responsible for endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: effects of L-arginine and B vitamins. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;57:244–52.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prati C, Demougeot C, Guillot X, Godfrin-Valnet M, Wendling D. Endothelial dysfunction in joint disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:386–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gotto Jr AM. Jeremiah Metzger lecture: cholesterol, inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: is it all LDL? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2011;122:256–89.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhou S, Zhang Z, Xu G. Notable epigenetic role of hyperhomocysteinemia in atherogenesis. Lipids in Health and Dis. 2014;13:134.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sattar N, McCarey DW, Capell H, McInnes IB. Explaining how “High-Grade” systemic inflammation accelerates vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003;108:2957–63.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Martin J. Rheumatoid arthritis: a disease associated with accelerated atherogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005;35:8–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bouchti IE, Sordet C, Kuntz J-L, Sibilia J. Severe atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis and hyperhomocysteinemia: is there a link? Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75:499–501.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anan F, Masaki T, Tatsukawa H, Nagano S, Oribe M, Eshima N, et al. The role of homocysteine as a significant risk factor for white matter lesions in Japanese women with rheumatoid arthritis. Metabol Clin Exp. 2009;58:69–73.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Dala AG, Ibrahim WA, Taha AA, Alsheikh NM. Is silent ischemic heart disease evident in rheumatoid arthritis patients? Life Sci J. 2012;9(3):927–34.
Google Scholar
Chung CP, Oeser A, Raggi P, Gebretsadik T, Shintani AK, Sokka T, et al. Increased coronary-artery atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis relationship to disease duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(10):3045–53.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cisternas M, Gutierrez MA, Klaassen J, Acosta AM, Jacobelli S. Cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1619–22.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eren E, Ellidag HY, Aydin O, Yılmaz N. HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 as a bridge between postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Chonnam Med J. 2014;50:75–81.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaplan MJ. Cardiovascular complications of rheumatoid arthritis -assessment, prevention and treatment. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2010;36(2):405–26.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
El-Banna H, Jiman-Fatani A. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and paraoxonase-1 polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:379.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Profumo E, Di Franco M, Buttari B, Masella R, Filesi C, Tosti ME, et al. Biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with autoimmune disorders. Mediators Inflamm. 2012;2012:503942.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Surdacki A, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Wloch A, Marewicz E, Rakowski T, Wieczorek-Surdacka E, et al. Elevated plasma asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine levels are linked to endothelial progenitor cell depletion and carotid atheroclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):809–19.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Asanuma Y, Chung CP, Oeser A, Solus JF, Avalos I, Gebretsadik T, et al. Serum osteoprotegerin is increased and independently associated with coronary-artery atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Atheroscler. 2007;195(2):e135–41.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ying G, Wang Y, Cen X-m, Yang M, Liang Y, Xie Q-B. Lipid peroxidation-mediated inflammation promotes cell apoptosis through activation of NF-κB pathway in rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:460310.
Google Scholar
Glant TT, Mikecz K, Rauch TA. Epigenetics in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Med. 2014;12:35.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
El-Swefy SE, Ali SI, Asker ME, Mohamed HE. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and cardiovascular risk in female ovariectomized rats: role of folic acid and hormone replacement therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2002;54:391–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee H, Kim J-m, Kim HJ, Lee I, Chang N. Folic acid supplementation can reduce the endothelial damage in rat brain microvasculature due to hyperhomocysteinemia. J Nutr. 2005;135:544–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
França CF, Vianna LM. Effectiveness of B vitamins on the control of hypertension and stroke events of SHRSP rats. J Diet Suppl. 2010;7(1):71–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang H-T, Lee M, Hong K-S, Ovbiagele B, Saver JL. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in cardiovascular disease prevention: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Int Med. 2012;23:745–54.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Huo H, Qin X, Wang J, Sun N, Zeng Q, Xu X, et al. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: new insight from a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66(6):544–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huo Y, Li J, Qin X, Huan Y, Wang X, Gottesman RF. Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China the CSPPT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(13):1325–35. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2274.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clarke R, Halsey J, Bennett D, Lewington S. Homocysteine and vascular disease: review of published results of the homocysteine-lowering trials. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34:83–91.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mei W, Rong Y, Jinming L, Yongjun L, Hui Z. Effect of homocysteine interventions on the risk of cardiocerebrovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64(2):208–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
den Heijer M, Willems HPJ, Blom HJ, Gerrits WBJ, Cattaneo M, Eichinger S, et al. Homocysteine lowering by B vitamins and the secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Blood. 2007;109:139–44.
Article
Google Scholar
Qin X, Fan F, Cui Y, Chen F, Chen Y, Cheng X, et al. Folic acid supplementation with and without vitamin B6 and revascularization risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:603e612.
Article
Google Scholar
Joseph J, Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Quo Vadis: whither homocysteine research? Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2009;9(2):53–63.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, McCourt C, McFarlane A, Fleming P, et al. The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:480–9.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
De Vecchis R, Baldi C, Palmisani L. Protective effects of methotrexate against ischemic cardiovascular disorders in patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis: novel therapeutic insights coming from a meta-analysis of the literature data. Anatolian J Cardiol. 2015; 15(0). doi:10.5152/akd.2015.6136.
Micha R, Imamura F, Ballmoos MW, Solomon DH, Herman MA, Ridker PM, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of methotrexate use and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1362–70.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate treatment and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 2002;360:1097–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Slot O. Changes in plasma homocysteine in arthritis patients starting treatment with low-dose methotrexate subsequently supplemented with folic acid. Scand J Rheumatol. 2001;30:305–7.
Aviña-Zubieta JA, Thomas JA, Sadatsafavi M, Lehman AJ, Lacaille D. Risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1524–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holc I, Hojs R, Cikeš N, Ambrožič A, Cučnik S, Kveder T, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerosis: insights from rheumatoid arthritis – a five-year follow-up study. Immunobiol. 2011;216:1331–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Qin X, Xu M, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu X, Wang X, et al. Effect of folic acid supplementation on the progression of carotid intima-media thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclers. 2012;222:307–13.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kiech L, Laxton RC, Xiao Q, Hernesniemi JA, Raitakari OT, Kähönen M, et al. Coronary artery disease–related genetic variant on chromosome 10q11 is associated with carotid intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2678–83.
Article
Google Scholar
Tyrell PN, Beyene J, Feldman BM, McCrindle BW, Silverman ED, Bradley TJ. Rheumatic disease and carotid intima-media thickness. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1014–26.
Article
Google Scholar
Hollan I, Dessein PH, Ronda N, Wasko MC, Svenungsson E, Agewall S, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2015; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.004.