Table 3 Demographic characteristics and MRI variables of the clusters based on metabolites

Age (years)

58.8 (8.7)

56.2 (9.1)

54.3 (9.2)

< 0.001

Female sex

25 (21.6%)

78 (73.6%)

48 (34.8%)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

28.8 (4.3)

25.8 (4.5)

28.9 (4.9)

< 0.001

Regularly physically active

68 (58.6%)

79 (74.5%)

68 (49.3%)

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption (g/day)

26.7 (30.9)

10.6 (12.9)

17.1 (21.7)

< 0.001

Smoking status

0.415

Currently smoking

24 (20.7%)

23 (21.7%)

25 (18.1%)

Ex- smoker

49 (42.2%)

39 (36.8%)

68 (49.3%)

Never-smoker

43 (37.1%)

44 (41.5%)

45 (32.6%)

Diabetes status

< 0.001

Normoglycemic

60 (51.7%)

82 (77.4%)

79 (57.2%)

Prediabetes

41 (35.3%)

20 (18.9%)

36 (26.1%)

Diabetes

15 (12.9%)

n < 5

23 (16.7%)

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)

105.8 (22.8)

96.5 (11.92)

107.8 (27.15)

< 0.001

Hypertension

46 (39.7%)

19 (17.9%)

50 (36.2%)

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

125.5 (15.6)

113.0 (14.8)

121.6 (17.1)

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77.14 (8.8)

71.7 (8.7)

76.70 (11.1)

< 0.001

Angina pectoris

7 (6.0%)

11 (10.4%)

5 (3.6%)

0.100

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

229.8 (34.8)

230.1 (35.6)

198.0 (29.2)

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

59.1 (13.9)

73.7 (17.5)

54.4 (14.1)

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

150.24 (32.1)

145.01 (34.42)

127.0 (28.1)

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

159.0 (109.2)

97.6 (51.5)

132.2 (73.8)

< 0.001

hsCRP*

1.29 (0.73; 2.9)

0.91 (0.42; 2.1)

1.35 (0.72; 2.55)

0.350

Antidiabetic drugs

6 (5.2%)

n < 5

15 (10.9%)

0.033

Antihypertensive drugs

33 (28.4%)

17 (16.0%)

34 (24.6%)

0.083

Lipid lowering drugs

9 (7.8%)

6 (5.7%)

22 (15.9%)

0.018

Anticoagulant drugs

5 (4.3%)

n < 5

n < 5

0.024

Antiplatelet drugs

8 (6.9%)

n < 5

n < 5

0.051

Heart rate (bpm) ^†

69.8 (12.6)

63.5 (10.0)

67.2 (10.0)

< 0.001

SCORE2, %

5.9 (0.5–22.3)

3.2 (0.2–15.7)

4.00 (0.4–14.0)

< 0.001

MRI characteristics

End diastolic volume in LV (ml/m2)

62.4 (14.2)

68.6 (15.00)

66.2 (15.1)

0.007

End systolic volume in LV (ml/m2)

19.6 (8.2)

20.6 (7.5)

21.5 (9.6)

0.194

Stroke volume (ml/m2)

42.8 (9.2)

48.12 (10.4)

44.7 (8.5)

< 0.001

Cardiac output of LV (ml/min/m2)

2920.7 (625.9)

3018.3 (640.8)

2982.4 (514.6)

0.457

Ejection fraction (%)

69.3 (8.4)

70.5 (7.1)

68.4 (7.8)

0.113

Peak ejection rate (ml/s)

347.0 (140.9)

368.1 (132.4)

358.9 (128.1)

0.497

Cardiac mass, diastolic (g/m2)

73.9 (14.0)

66.4 (12.9)

71.9 (13.4)

< 0.001

Cardiac mass, systolic (g/m2)

75.8 (15.4)

65.7 (14.3)

73.6 (14.8)

< 0.001

Late Gadolinium Enhancement

8 (6.8%)

n < 5

8 (5.8%)

0.981

Early diastolic filling rate (ml/s)

193.6 (102.5)

264.0 (128.8)

227.2 (109.4)

< 0.001

Late diastolic filling rate (ml/s))

234.5 (101.0)

230.2 (115.8)

219.6 (113.9)

0.540

LV wall thickness

All segments (mm/m2)

4.9 (0.7)

4.7 (0.7)

4.7 (0.6)

0.023

Basal (mm/m2)

5.2 (0.8)

5.0 (0.7)

5.0 (0.7)

0.029

Mid (mm/m2)

5.1 (0.9)

4.7 (0.8)

4.9 (0.7)

0.003

Apical (mm/m2)

4.3 (0.8)

4.3 (0.8)

4.2 (0.7)

0.370

Lateral (mm/m2)

5.1 (0.8)

5.0 (0.7)

4.9 (0.6)

0.119

Septal (mm/m2)

5.0 (0.8)

4.6 (0.7)

4.8 (0.7)

< 0.001

Anterior (mm/m2)

4.9 (0.9)

4.7 (0.9)

4.7 (0.8)

0.047

Inferior (mm/m2)

4.9 (0.7)

4.71 (0.7)

4.8 (0.7)

0.128