Table 4 The results of studies demonstrating the role of several microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of the expression of some protein biomarkers in non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are presented
From: MiRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage
Biomarker | Type of biomarker | Function of biomarker | miRNA | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MMP-9 | Inflammatory and brain damage | MMP-9, also known as gelatinase B, is produced by astrocytes in response to inflammation and is involved in primary ICH | MiR-130a, miR-126-3p and miR-18a | |
GFAP | Brain damage | Identified as a promising candidate for point-of-care analysis indicative of ICH in the early stages of disease. GFAP is rapidly released from damaged glial cells because of an expanding hematoma | MiR-126 | |
D-dimer | Hemostasis | D‐dimer as a blood biomarker assessing late clinical severity of ICH may add early prognostic information and be a suitable target | MiR-145 | |
TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 | Inflammation | Cytokines are diagnostic markers for the prognosis and outcome of ICH patients | MiR-132, miR‐21‐5p, miR-331-3p, miR-378a-5p, miR-146a, and miR‑155 | |
NSE | Brain damage | NSE is released into the systemic bloodstream after brain damage, including ischemic stroke/ICH, traumatic or hypoxic damage, and NSE is relatively specific to neurons | MiR-20a-3p and miR-145 | |
VCAM-1 | Inflammatory and vascular damage | VCAM-1 is a protein that is canonically involved in the adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes to the interstitium during inflammation including in cerebral vascular and brain tissue | MiR-126-3p and miR-126-5p | |
MCP-1 | Inflammatory and vascular damage | MCP-1 is a biomarker reflecting the formation of inflammatory infiltrates in the walls of cerebral vessels. MCP-l provides activation of cellular immunity and migration of phagocytes to the focus of inflammation. Determination of the MCP-1 level may reflect the severity of endothelial dysfunction | MiR-221 | [138] |