Table 3 piRNA levels in serum/plasma and urine of cancer patients compared to healthy controls and their association with clinicopathological data
From: Critical appraisal of the piRNA-PIWI axis in cancer and cancer stem cells
piRNA | Cancer type | piRNA level | Detection method | Association of higher piRNA level with | Notes, references | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Survival | Metastasis | |||||
piR-001311 | Colorectal cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [130] |
piR-002468 | Prostate cancer | Increased in extracellular vesicles in urine | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [131] |
piR-004153 | Colorectal cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [130] |
piR-004800 | Multiple myeloma | Increased in exosomes | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | piR_004800 involved in the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [132]. |
piR-004918 | Gastric cancer | Increased in exosomes in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR |  | ↑ | Associated with highly metastatic tumors [133]. |
piR-017723 | Colorectal cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [130] |
piR-017724 | Colorectal cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | ↑ |  | Lower level associated with shorter PFS and OS [130]. |
piR-018569 | Gastric cancer | Increased in exosomes in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [133] |
piR-019308 | Gastric cancer | Increased in exosomes in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR |  | ↑ | Associated with highly metastatic tumors [133]. |
piR-020450 | Colorectal cancer | Increased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | ↓ |  | [134] |
piR-020619 | Colorectal cancer | Increased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | ↓ |  | [134] |
piR-020365 | Colorectal cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [130] |
piR-651 | Hodgkin lymphoma | Decreased in serum | RT-qPCR | Â | Â | A trend for upregulation of serum levels of piR-651 in a small cohort of patients with complete remission after therapy [103]. |
piR-823 | Colorectal cancer | Increased in serum | RT-qPCR | Â | Â | Higher expression associated with advanced stages [105]. |
Renal cell carcinoma | Increased in serum and urine | RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [108] | |
piR-1089 | Neuroblastoma | Increased in exosomes in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR |  | ↑ | Inhibition of piR-1089 led to lower cell proliferation and migration [135]. |
piR-158533 | Prostate cancer | Increased in extracellular vesicles in urine | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [131] |
piR-162725 | Pancreatic cancer | Increased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [136] |
piR-28876 | Colon cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [137] |
piR-349843 | Prostate cancer | Increased in extracellular vesicles in urine | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [131] |
piR-382289 | Prostate cancer | Increased in extracellular vesicles in urine | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [131] |
piR-54265 | Colorectal cancer | Increased in serum | RT-qPCR | ↓ |  | Plasma piR-54265 levels increase with tumor stage and are associated with worse survival and resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [73]. piR-54265 is specific for colorectal cancer, levels in serum decrease after tumor resection and increase after tumor relapse, suggesting its utility for clinical surveillance of cancer patients [138]. Increased levels of piR-54265 are associated with future colorectal cancer diagnosis [138]. |
piR-5937 | Colon cancer | Decreased in serum | NGS, RT-qPCR | Â | Â | [137] |