Fig. 2

Metabolic reprogramming of TAM in the tumor microenvironment. a TAMs exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics compared to BMDMs, with increased glucose and fatty acid metabolism, supporting their immunosuppressive and tumorigenic activities. They show enhanced glycolysis, TCA cycle, and OXPHOS, along with FAO and cholesterol efflux. Further, as they respond to microenvironmental cues, the unique metabolic pathways in TAMs, particularly those involving specific amino acids, underpin their functional heterogeneity. b The interconnected metabolic pathways of TAMs, driven by tumor environment cues, contribute to their functional and phenotypic diversity. Key components include GLUT1, LDHA, and enzymes and transporters involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism. BCKAs Branched-chain keto acids, MCT1 Monocarboxylate transporter 1, KIC Ketoisocaproic acid, KMV Ketomethylvaleric acid, PKM2 Pyruvate kinase M2, GLUT1 Glucose transporter 1, LCFAs Long-chain fatty acids, SR-BI Scavenger receptor class B type 1, MCAD Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, MGLL Monoglyceride lipase, FASN Fatty acid synthase, SREBP1 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, FABP Fatty acid-binding protein, LPL Lipoprotein lipase, ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, HA Hyaluronic acid, AHR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, PERK Protein kinase R, ATF-4 Activating transcription factor 4, PSAT1 Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1, G6P Glucose-6-phosphate, DHAP Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, PFK1 Phosphofructokinase-1, F2,6BP Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, PFKFB3 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3, UDP-GlcNAc Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, F6P Fructose 6-phosphate, F1,6BP Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, G3P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 1,3BPG 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, 3PG 3-Phosphoglyceric acid, PEP Phosphoenolpyruvate, GAPDH Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, PKM Pyruvate kinase M, LDHA Lactate dehydrogenase A, TAGs Triacylglycerols, FA Fatty acid, Acetyl-CoA Acetyl coenzyme A, CPT1 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase1, FA-FABPs Fatty acid-Fatty acid-binding proteins, CAT2B Cationic amino acid transporter 2B, GLS Glutaminase, GS Glutamine synthetase, GDH Glutamate dehydrogenase, SLC1A5 Solute carrier family 1 member 5, SLC38A1/2 Solute carrier family 38 members 1 and 2, OAAs Oxaloacetates