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Fig. 2 | Biomarker Research

Fig. 2

From: Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy biomarkers and their application in precision immuno-oncology

Fig. 2

A schematic representation of the role of extracellular vesicles as mediators of intercellular crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment influencing several biological mechanisms. Abbreviations: ECM, extracellular matrix; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; MV, microvesicle; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NO, nitric oxide; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; HSP, heat shock protein; AA, arachidonic acid; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; FA, fatty acid; PS, phosphatidylserine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PI, phosphatidylinositol; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; FGF-1, fibroblast growth factor 1; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. Figure was created with BioRender.com

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