Fig. 1

The summary of the biomarkers in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-based therapy in aHCC. Current studies on biomarkers are focused on the tumor microenvironment, tumor genomics, tumor clinical features, host clinical features, liquid biopsy, and gut microbiota. Abbreviations: AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; aHCC, advanced hepatocellular carcinoma; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin; cfDNA, cell-free DNA; CNAs, copy number alterations; CTC, circulating tumor cell; ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; EOB-MRI, Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IL-6, interleukin-6; IO, immunotherapy; irAE, immune-related adverse event; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; NLR, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; PET/CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; PG-SGA, patient-generated subjective global assessment; PIVKA-II, abnormal prothrombin; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; TBS, tumor burden score; TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor beta; TIB, tumor immune barrier; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; Treg, regulatory T cell; TMB, tumor mutational burden