Table 1 EV-associated FDA-approved glycoprotein biomarkers for cancer
From: Lectins as potential tools for cancer biomarker discovery from extracellular vesicles
FDA approved cancer biomarker used for clinical application | Same biomarker found on EVs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biomarker | Cancer type | Sample | Glycosylation type | Clinical use | Year of FDA approval | Cancer type | EV sample type | Publication year | Reference |
Alpha-feto protein (AFP) | Testicular | Serum, plasma, amniotic fluid | N-glycosylated | Management of cancer | 1992/2008 | Melanoma, prostate | Cell lines | 2015 | |
CA 15–3 (MUC1) | Breast | Serum, plasma | N- and O-glycosylated | Monitor disease response to therapy | 1997 | Breast, prostate, bladder | Cell lines, milk, saliva, urine | 2004/2007/2009 | |
CA 19–9 | Pancreatic | Serum, plasma | Glycan sialyl-Lewisa | Monitoring disease status | 2002 | Pancreatic | Plasma, serum | 2017/2020 | |
CA-125 (MUC16) | Ovarian | Serum, plasma | N- and O-glycosylated | Monitoring disease progression, response to therapy | 1997/2011 | Bladder, breast, colorectal, kidney, melanoma, ovarian | Cell lines, breast milk, serum, ascites, urothelial cells | 2009/2011/ 2012/2013/ 2014/ 2016/2017 | |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Colorectal and others | Serum, plasma | N-glycosylated | Aid in management and prognosis | 1985 | Colorectal, lung | Cell lines, ascites, plasma, urine | 2002/2005/ 2009/2011/ 2012/2013/ 2016/2017 | |
Circulating Tumor Cells (EpCAM, CD45, cytokeratins 8, 18 + , 19 +) | Breast | Whole blood | N-glycosylated | Prediction of cancer progression and survival | 2005 | Colorectal, ovarian, prostate, kidney, lung | Serum, ascites, urine, thymus, B & T cells, breast milk, | 2001/2002/ 2005/2007/ 2009/2011/ 2013/2015/ 2017/2018 | |
Estrogen receptor (ER) | Breast | FFPE Tissue | O-GlcNAc | Prognosis, response to therapy | 1999 | Breast | Urine | 2013 | [80] |
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) | Ovarian | Serum | N-glycosylated | Monitoring recurrence or progression | 2008 | Colorectal, ovarian | Cell lines, seminal plasma, urine | 2009/2013/ 2014/2015 | |
HER2/NEU | Breast | FFPE Tissue | N-glycosylated | Assessment for therapy | 1998 | Breast, colorectal, ovarian, lung, prostate | Cell lines, ascites, breast milk, serum, urine | 2002/2005/ 2009/2010/ 2012/2013/ 2016/2018 | |
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | Prostate | Serum | N-glycosylated | Screening, diagnosis and monitoring | 1986/1994/2012 | Prostate, bladder | Seminal fluid, urine, colorectal cancer cells | 2003/2008/ 2009/2012/ 2015/2018 | |
Progesterone receptor (PR) | Breast | FFPE Tissue | No glycosylation | Prognosis, response to therapy | 1999 | Breast cancer | Mesenchymal stem cells | 2009 | [89] |
Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA, NMP22) | Bladder | Urine | O-linked glycan | Diagnosis and monitoring disease | 1996 | Bladder, colorectal, lung, ovarian, prostate | Thymus, urine, urothelial and mesenchymal stem cells | 2008/2009/ 2011/2012/ 2014/2015/ 2017/2018 | |
Thyroglobulin (Tg) | Thyroid | Serum, plasma | N-glycosylated | Monitoring disease | 1997 | Ovarian | T cells, cerebrospinal fluid, ovarian cancer cells | 2013/2014/2018 | |