Fig. 5

Lectin-assisted approaches for studying EVs. A (I-VI) Schematic of lectin microarray approaches. In I-IV, lectins are immobilized onto a surface, e.g., a glass plate. For detection of captured EVs, labels might include I) a fluorescent dye that directly labels the EV, II) a fluorescently labeled antibody to an EV surface antigen, III) fluorescently labeled streptavidin that recognizes biotinylated EVs, and IV) a biotinylated antibody-fluorescent streptavidin system. Systems other than streptavidin–biotin could also be used. In V-VI, EVs are V) directly immobilized or VI) captured by immunoaffinity followed by detection with lectin(s). B Graphical representation: separating pure EVs using a lectin-bead technology. C Schematic representation of Eu³⁺-nanoparticle based sandwich assay. Biotinylated antibody is immobilized on the surface of streptavidin-coated microtiter 96-well plates for capturing EVs. The captured EVs are detected with lectin-coated fluorescent Eu³⁺-nanoparticle