Table 2 Biomarkers associated with abnormal glycosylation

GnT-III

N-Acetyl-glucosaminyl

transferase III

-

Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors

Diagnosis

[107]

GALNT

N-acetylgalactosamine transferase

AUC_1year = 0.881;

AUC_3year = 0.873;

AUC_5year = 0.779

LGG

Prognosis

[125]

PSCA

TAA

-

Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors

Diagnosis

[126]

sPTPRZ

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type zeta

0.9676

CSF

Diagnosis

[122]

PLAUR

Integral membrane protein

CGGA-RNA-seq:

AUC_1year = 0.7810,

AUC_3year = 0.8437,

AUC_5year = 0.8688

TCGA-RNA-seq:

AUC_1year = 0.8528,

AUC_3year = 0.8485,

AUC_5year = 0.8074

Undecided

Prognosis

[127]

gp273

Nucleolin

-

Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors

A histopathological marker for glioma grading

[128]

dg-Bcan

BEHAB/

brevican

-

Glioma tissue

Distinguishing primary brain tumors of similar histology but different pathologic course

[82]

Galectin-3

β-galactoside-specific animal lectins

-

Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors

Diagnosis

[169]

TXNDC12

Thioredoxin domains

TCGA-RNA-seq:

AUC_3year = 0.787,

AUC_5year = 0.755;

CGGA-RNA-seq:

AUC_3year = 0.748,

AUC_5year = 0.774

Glioma tissue

Prognosis, glioma pathological grade

[170]

CD133

Pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins

-

Glioma tissue

Identifying brain tumor stem cells in gliomas

[134, 137]