Table 2 Radiopharmaceuticals assayed in clinical neuro-oncology studies for PET imaging

Neoplasm

¹⁸F-FDG

Small molecular

Glucose metabolism

[79,80,81]

Glioblastoma

¹⁸F-ML-10, ¹⁸F-ICMT-11

Small molecule

Apoptosis

[82, 83]

Solid malignancies

¹⁸F-FMISO, ¹⁸F-EF5, ¹⁸F-HX4

⁶⁸ Ga-FAPI-04

¹⁸F-FLT

¹⁸F-Alfatide II

⁸⁹Zr- bevacizumab

Small molecule

Small molecule

Nucleoside

Peptide

Antibody

Hypoxia

Fibroblast activation protein α

Thymidine kinase (DNA replication)

Integrin α_vβ₃

VEGFR

[84,85,86]

[87, 88]

[89, 90]

[91, 92]

[93, 94]

Head and neck cancer

¹⁸F-PARPi

Small molecule

Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1

[95]

General Cancer / As a Biomarker of Amyloid-Induced Neuroinflammation

¹¹C-acetate

Salt

Acetyl-CoA synthetase or Acetate—CoA ¹¹C-methionine ligase

[96,97,98]

Glioma, Neuroendocrine tumors

¹⁸F-FDOPA,

¹¹C-MET or ¹¹C-methionine

Amino acid

Amino acid transport

[99,100,101,102,103]

Glioma

⁶⁸ Ga-DOTA-SP

⁸⁹Zr-fresolimumab

Peptide

Antibody

Neurokinin 1 receptor

TGF-β

[104]

[105]