Table 2 The diverse roles of IL-25 in various diseases

Cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Tumor supportive

[77, 85]

Colorectal cancer

[81]

Lung cancer

[86]

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

[90]

Melanoma

Tumor suppressive

[93]

Autoim-mune diseases

DSS-induced colitis in mouse

Exacerbate the severity of DSS-induced colitis.

[64, 120, 121]

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Express decreased in the intestine.

[55, 122]

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inhibit the pro-inflammatory effects and osteoclastogenesis.

[11, 124]

Collagen-induced arthritis

Inhibit activation & differentiation from CD4⁺ T cells to Th17 cells.

[124, 125]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Positively correlated with disease activity, anti-dsDNA, and IgG.

[127, 128]

Lupus-prone MRL/lpr

Relieve SLE symptoms.

[127]

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Express high in PBMC.

[130]

Non-Obese Diabetic

Delay the recurrent autoimmune response.

[131]

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome

Express high in peripheral blood and SG.

[131,132,133]

Experimental Sjogren’s syndrome

Increase salivary flow rate.

[134]

Multiple sclerosis

Maintain the integrity of BBB.

[136]

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Inhibit inflammatory factors.

[59]

Skin diseases

Atopic dermatitis

Promote the development and progression.

[95–[96, 111]–112]

Psoriasis

Increases the severity.

[26, 33, 97]

Contact dermatitis

Promote the production of associated inflammatory factors.

[44]

Airway diseases

Allergic airway diseases

Promote the development of airway-related diseases.

[98,99,100,101,102,103]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Induce fibroblast differentiation. Mediate Th2 response.

[116]

Hepatitis

Protect against and reverse liver injury.

[104,105,106,107]

Obesity

Prevent weight gain and the accumulation of lipids.

[108, 109]