Fig. 4

The roles of IL-25 in autoimmune diseases. IL-25 can alleviate the progression of SLE by inhibiting the production of autoantibodies. In RA, T1D, and MS, IL-25 might exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the Th17 response. In MS, IL-25 could downregulate the expression of IL-1β and IL-17 A through the phosphorylation of PKCϵ phosphorylation pathway. IL-25 is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, but IL-25 can also inhibit the cellular activity of Th17 and Th1 in IBD patients. In SS, IL-25 could exacerbate the disease severity. Black arrow indicates the reaction occurs as usual, red arrow indicates the reaction is obstructed. The image is produced by Adobe Illustrator