Fig. 6
From: Cervical cancer heterogeneity: a constant battle against viruses and drugs
The potential resistance mechanisms and currently on-going phase III clinical trials’ agents in cervical cancer. The drug resistance in tumor cells showed as up-regulation of immunosuppression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and down-regulation of apoptosis. T cell anti-tumor immunity may be suppressed through down-regulation of cell cycle progression, IL-2 production, T-cell activation, effector-cell development and up-regulation of apoptosis. Agents of clinical trials have focused on novel immune checkpoint inhibitors including PD-1, CTLA4, PD-L1 and TGFβ