Table 4 Precision treatment for immunotherapy using GIC PDOs
Cancer type | Immunotherapy | Assay | Key findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CRC | IFNγ treatment | FC | Only 3/612 non-silent mutations encode for neoantigens that are detectable by MS, establishing a low detection rate for non-silent mutations encoding for presented neoantigens. The finding may partly explain the unsatisfactory effect of ICIs for patients with non-hypermutated CRC. | [120] |
CRC | CEA and CD3 | FC | Heterogeneity of CEA expression contributed to low response to cibisatamab in CRC PDOs. | [121] |
CRC | CAR-engineered lymphocytes | Organoid numbers | The CRC PDO platform to access tumor specificity and CAR efficacy and was established. | [122] |
GC | PD-1 blocking antibody | Organoid areas | The co-culture of GC PDOs and immune cells may be used to study the function of MDSCs within the TME. The mTOR signaling regulates PD-L1 expression induced by GLI in GC | [123] |
PDAC | anti-PD-1 and GEM | Apoptosis assay | The combination of GEM with anti-PD-1 induces sustained relief or even the complete elimination of aggressive PDAC by targeting Pin1. | [124] |