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Table 1 The impacts of lactate and acidification on immune cells in the TME

From: Impact of NSCLC metabolic remodeling on immunotherapy effectiveness

Immune cells

Effects

TADCs

Inhibition monocyte activation [64]

Inhibition antigen presentation [65]

MDSCs

Immunosuppressive microenvironment [66]

Cancer aggressiveness [66]

NK cells

Inhibition of effector functions [66]

TAMs

Induction of M2 polarization [72, 73]

Treg cells

Increase in Treg proliferation [76]

Enhancement of immunosuppressive effect [76]

CD8 + T cells

Inhibition of effector functions [74]