Table 1 Important immune cells involved in CAA regulation

Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs)

Glycolysis↑

FFA uptake↑

A₃R activation

↑differentiation

↑ARG1

[54, 56, 59]

Natural killer cells

MYC ↓

mTORC1↓→glycolysis↓, OXPHOS↓

Lipid accumulation↑

↓IFN-γ

↓Granzymes

↓Perforin

↑Apoptosis

[72, 73, 75, 77, 79, 83, 86]

Natural killer T cells

CD1d↓

↓Effector function

[92, 93]

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)

HIF1α stabilization → glycolysis

PPAR-γ, PGC-1β↑→FFA uptake, oxidation↑

GPR132 activation

CD39 CD73↑→A₂BR activation

↑M2-like polarization

↑ARG1

↑VEGF

[109, 111, 115, 117]

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)

PUFAs→ immune suppression↑

CSF→ lipid metabolism↑

↓T cell activation

[121, 122]

Dendritic cells

mTORC1/HIF1/NOS2↓→glycolysis↓

Lipid accumulation↑

PKA/Epac↑

GPR8 activation

↓antigen-presentation function

↑IL-10

↓IL-12

[135, 137, 140, 142]

Regulatory T cells

CD36↑→ FFA uptake, oxidation↑

PPAR-γ↑

MCT1↑ → OXPHOS↑

CD39↑→A₂AR activation

↑Differentiation

↑Proliferation

[165, 168, 172]

Effector T cells

Glycolysis↓

OXPHOS↓

CPT1α↑ → FAO↑

↓Effector function

↓Proliferation

↓Cytokine production

↑PD1

[173, 184, 185, 190, 193]