Table 1 circular RNAs in immune responses and diseases

circ_002178

CD8⁺ T cell

acting as a ceRNA to promote PDL1/PD1 expression

LUAD

circ_100783

CD8⁺ T cell

playing a role in phosphoprotein-associated functions duringCD28-related CD8⁺ T cell ageing

–

circ-TNFRSF11A

CD4⁺ T cell

participating in the SCID mediated alteration of different signaling pathways.

SCID

circ_0005519

CD4⁺ T cell

inducing IL-13 and IL-6 expression by regulating let-7a-5p in CD4⁺ T cells to affect asthma

Asthma

circ_0012919

CD4⁺ T cell

increased DNMT1 expression, reduced CD70 and CDlla expression, rescued the DNA hypomethylation of CD1 la and CD70 in CD4⁺T cells of SLE patients, as well as regulated the expression of RANTES and KLF13 by onding to miR-125a-3p

SLE

circ-LAMP1

T cell

promoting T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma progression via acting as a ceRNA for miR-615-5p to regulate DDR2 expression.

Lymphoblastic lymphoma

–

T cell

structure and degradation of circRNAs regulating PKR Activation in innate immunity

–

circ-CDR1as/ciRS-7

CD8⁺ T cell

NK cell

Macrophage

regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction to serve as a mediator in alteration of the tumor microenvironment

Cancer

circ-UBAP2

Macrophage

Treg

Exhausted T cells

mediated ceRNA network modulating PAAD by regulating the infiltration and function of immune cells

PAAD

circ-PAX5

T cells

B cells

up-regulation in pediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and disclosed circRNAs with variable expression across cytogenetic subtypes

Pediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

circ-PVT1

circ-HIPK3

circ-ASAP1

Macrophage

circASAP1 promotes HCC cell proliferation and invasion by regulating miR-326/miR-532-5p-MAPK1 signaling and, mediates tumor-associated-macrophage infiltration by regulating the miR-326/miR-532-5p-CSF-1 pathway

HCC

circ_0043497

Macrophage

circRNAs alterations are involved in human monocyte derived macrophages response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

circ_001204

circ-ANRIL

Macrophage

circANRIL binds to pescadillo homologue 1 (PES1), thereby impairing exonuclease-mediated pre-rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages.

Ribosomal RNA maturation and atherosclerosis

circ-HECTD1

Macrophage

SiO2-activated macrophages promoted fibroblast proliferation and migration via the circHECTD1/HECTD1 pathway

Silicosis

circ-CDC42BPA

B cell

disrupting transduction of B cell signaling to induce occurrence of SCID

SCID

circ-MALAT1

DC

GDF15 induces tolerogenic DCs (Tol-DCs) through inhibition of circ-MALAT1 and the NFκB signaling pathway and up-regulation of IDO

–

circ-ARSP91

NK cell

increasing the susceptibility of HCC cells to NK cell cytotoxicity by upregulating UL16 binding protein 1 (ULBP1) expression in HCC cells at the mRNA and protein levels

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

circ_0000175

Neutrophil

significantly differentially expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, and are related to disease activity and severity

Rheumatoid Arthritis

circ_0008410

–

Neutrophil

Differentially expressed circRNAs were mainly involved in immune responses, angiogenesis and metabolism in asymptomatic Moyamoya disease

Moyamoya Disease

circ-CDR1as

B cell

serving as the miR-7 “sponge” to increase expression of PTEN and restrain

SLE

circ_102584

–

as novel non-invasive biomarkers for SLE

SLE

circ_0057980

–

circ-0057980

serving as the miR-181d “sponge” to suppress the development of RA.

circ-0001045 serving as the miR-30a “sponge” to promote the biogenesis of RA

RA

circ_0001045

circ_0088088

–

serving as the miR-16 “sponge” to suppress the development of RA

RA

circ-Atp9b

–

serving as the miR-138 “sponge” to promote extracellular matrix degradation

OA

circ_0005105

–

promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by regulating the expression of miR-26a target NAMPT

OA

circ_0045714

–

regulating extracellular matrix synthesis as well as proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes by promoting the expression of miR-193b target gene IGF1R

OA

circ-IBTK

–

inhibiting DNA demethylation and activation of AKT signaling pathway by binding to miR-29b

SLE

circ_0045272

–

combining with miR-6127 to target PAX8 and DTX4 to participate in the secretion of interleukin 2 and the negative regulation of apoptosis

SLE

–

–

circRNAs involved in atrial fibrillation due to rheumatic heart disease through ceRNA mechanism

Rheumatic

circ_0000479

–

indirectly regulating RIG-I expression by sponging miR-149-5p, hampering viral replication

Hantaan Virus Infection

circ-FNDC3B

–

promoting MERS-CoV load and their target mRNA expression which modulates various biological pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ubiquitination pathways.

MERS-CoV

Infection

circ-CNOT1

circ_0004812

–

circ_0004812/miR-1287-5p/FSTL1 axis regulated HBV-induced immune suppression

Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

circ_002423

–

the biological functions of genes hosting the circRNAs were enriched in the progression of metabolism and binding

Meningoencephalitis of Teleosts

circ_002834

circ_006192

circ_007265

circ_000305

circ_006456

–

–

circRNAs participating in the development of bacterial meningitis through circRNA / miRNA / mRNA regulation mechanism

Bacterial Meningitis

–

–

circRNAs participating in the resistance to the pathogenesis of diarrhea through circRNA / miRNA / mRNA regulation mechanism

Diarrhea (Escherichia coli F17)

circ_001937

–

correlated with tuberculosis severity

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

–

–

peripheral blood mononuclear cell circRNAs are potentially reliable marker molecules in tuberculosis diagnosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

circ_0005836

–

significantly down-regulated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of active pulmonary tuberculosis compared with health controls, and might serve as a novel potential biomarker for tuberculosis infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection