Table 4 Modification of dental implant surfaces with ECM

Morra et al. [45]

Rabbit – femur

1. pTi: anodization of titanium implant

2. ColpTi: collagen coated titanium implant

4 weeks

% of BIC

- pTi: 36.9%

- ColpTi: 63.7%

% of bone ingrowth

- pTi: 29.0%

- ColpTi: 43.3%

Schliephake et al. [46]

Dog - mandible

1. Machined titanium surface (control)

2. Machine + Collagen I (collagen only)

3. Machine + calcium phosphate (HA-only)

4. Machine + calcium phosphate + Collagen I (composite)

1 and 3 months

% of BIC

- Control: 31.5% at 1 month, 41.2% at 3 months

- Collagen-only: 41.9% at 1 month, 60.2% at 3 months

- HA-only: 45.2% at 1 month, 61.7% at 3 months

- Composite: 62.6% at 1 month, 59.0% at 3 months

BVD

- Control: 16.1% at 1 month, 40.6% at 3 months

- Collagen-only: 22.9% at 1 month, 62.6% at 3 months

- HA-only: 33.0% at 1 month, 58.5% at 3 months

- Composite: 40.9% at 1 month, 67.3% at 3 months

Stadlinger et al. [47]

Pig – mandible

1. Coll: collagen type I

2. Coll/CS: collagen type I + chondroitin sulfate

3. Coll/CS/BMP: collagen type I + chondroitin sulfate + BMP-4

22 weeks

% of BIC

- Coll: 45%

- Coll/CS: 55%

- Coll/CS/BMP: 41%

Implant stability test at 22 weeks

- Coll: ISQ = 73

- Coll/CS: ISQ = 69

- Coll/CS/BMP: ISQ = 67

Ferguson et al. [48]

Sheep – pelvis

1. Ti: sandblasted and acid-etched titanium

2. Zir: sandblasted and etched zirconia

3. CaP: Ti coated with calcium phosphate

4. APC: Ti modified via anodic plasma-chemical treatment

5. Bisphos: bisphosphonate coated Ti

6. Coll/CS: Ti coated with collagen containing chondroitin sulfate

8 weeks

Removal torque values at 8 weeks (N-mm)

- Ti: 1,884

- Zir: 1,005

- CaP: 1,683

- APC: 919

- Bisphos: 1,835

- Coll/CS: 1,593

Stadlinger et al. [49]

Pig – mandible

1. Coll: collagen coated Ti

2. Coll/DC: collagen + DC

3. Coll/CS: collagen + CS

4. Coll/DC/TGF: collagen + DC + TGF- β1

5. Coll/CS/BMP: collagen + CS + BMP-4

6. Coll/DC/CS/BMP/TGF: collagen + DC + CS + BMP-4 + TGF- β1

3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks

% of BIC at 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks Total

- Coll: 12.45%

- Coll/DC: 12.65%

- Coll/CS: 28.28%

- Coll/DC/TGF: 16.27%

- Coll/CS/BMP: 22.92%

- Coll/DC/CS/BMP/TGF: 11.43%

Stadlinger et al. [50]

Pig – mandible

1. Coll: collagen

2. Coll/CS: collagen + CS

3. Coll/CS/BMP-4: collagen + CS + rhBMP-4

6 months

% of BIC

- Coll: 30%

- Coll/CS: 40%

- Coll/CS/rhBMP-4: 27%

Langhoff et al. [51]

Sheep – pelvis

1. Control: sandblasted and acid-etched Ti

2. CaP: calcium phosphate coated

3. APC: plasma anodized

4. Coll/CS: collagen + CS coated

5. Bisphos: bisphosphonate coated

6. Zir: sandblasted and etched zirconia

8 weeks

- All implants were well osseointegrated

- No significant differences in % of BIC

Schliephake et al. [52]

Dog – mandible

1. MS: machined surface

2. DAE: dual acid-etched surface

3. RGD: RGD + DAE

4. Coll: collagen I + DAE

5. Coll/CS: collagen I + CS + DAE

6. Coll/CS/BMP-2: collagen I + CS + BMP-2 + DAE

4 and 12 weeks

% of BIC

- MS: 25.4% at 4 weeks, 37.7% at 12 weeks

- DAE: 40.9% at 4 weeks, 57.6% at 12 weeks

- RGD: 41.4% at 4 weeks, 59.4% at 12 weeks

- Coll: 40.4% at 4 weeks, 56.3% at 12 weeks

- Coll/CS: 31.1% at 4 weeks, 66.4% at 12 weeks

- Coll/CS/BMP-2: 43.7% at 4 weeks, 60.6% at 12 weeks

Stadlinger et al. [53]

Pig – mandible

1. Control: sandblasted and acid-etched Ti

2. Coll/CS1: Ti + collagen + low dose CS

3. Coll/CS2: Ti + collagen + high dose CS

1 and 2 months

% of BIC for the entire implant at 1 and 2 months

- Control: 51.6% at 1 month, 62.7% at 2 months

- Coll/CS1: 68.4% at 1 month, 71% at 2 months

- Coll/CS2: 63.1% at 1 month, 67.9% at 2 months

Morra et al. [54]

Rabbit – femur and tibia

1. Ti: acid-etched titanium

2. CollTi: collagen type I + Ti

2 and 4 weeks

% of BIC was significantly higher around CollTi when compared with Ti both in femur and tibia at 2 weeks. No significant differences were observed at 4 weeks.

Alghamdi et al. [55]

Dog - mandible

1. Ti (control)

2. Nano-CaP-coated

3. Type I collagen coated

4 and 12 weeks

Overall BV

- Ti: 47.5% at 4 weeks; 65.1% at 12 weeks

- Nano-CaP: 49.5% at 4 weeks; 67.2% at 12 weeks

- Collagen: 61.4% at 4 weeks; 72.7 at 12 weeks

Inner zone BV

- Ti: 10.5% at 4 weeks; 37.5% at 12 weeks

- Nano-CaP: 23.1% at 4 weeks; 38.2% at 12 weeks

- Collagen: 28.4% at 4 weeks; 52.4 at 12 week

Stadlinger et al. [56]

Pig - maxilla

1. SAE

2. Collagen type I coating (Coll)

3. Coll + CS (low amount)

4. Coll + CS (high amount)

5. Coll + high-SH

6. Coll + low-SH

4 and 8 weeks

% of BIC

- SAE: 56% at 4 weeks; 66.4% at 8 weeks

- Coll: 36.8% at 4 weeks; 68.7% at 8 weeks

- Coll + CS (low): 70.4% at 4 weeks; 74.7% at 8 weeks

- Coll + CS (high): 51.2% at 4 weeks; 63.5% at 8 weeks

- Coll + high-SH: 50.3% at 4 weeks; 64.3% at 8 weeks

- Coll + low-SH: 53.9% at 4 weeks; 65.5% at 8 weeks

BVD

- SAE: 23.2% at 4 weeks; 45.2% at 8 weeks

- Coll: 26.2% at 4 weeks; 48.9% at 8 weeks

- Coll + CS (low): 28.1% at 4 weeks; 54.9% at 8 weeks

- Coll + CS (high): 27.4% at 4 weeks; 45.2% at 8 weeks

- Coll + high-SH: 23.6% at 4 weeks; 42.9% at 8 weeks

- Coll + low-SH: 21.8% at 4 weeks; 46.9% at 8 weeks

Lee et al. [57]

Rabbit - tibia

1. AE (control)

2. HA coating

3. Coll + HA coating

4. Coll + HA + BMP-2 coating

6 weeks

% of BIC

- AE: 21.38%

- HA coating: 24.18%

- Coll + HA coating: 41.45%

- Coll + HA + BMP-2 coating: 30.72%