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Table 3 Estimates of change in total HDL-C (mmol/l) following quitting a

From: The effect of quitting smoking on HDL-cholesterol - a review based on within-subject changes

Factor

Level

N b

Unweighted analysis

Inverse-variance weighted analysis

Mean (95% CI)

p c

Mean (95% CI)

p c

Overall

 

94

0.107 (0.085 to 0.128)

<0.001

0.060 (0.044 to 0.075)

<0.001

Univariate models

      

Periodd

<3 weeks

21

0.102 (0.047 to 0.157)

0.04

0.100 (0.032 to 0.169)

<0.001

 

3 to <6

21

0.102 (0.063 to 0.141)

 

0.082 (0.042 to 0.123)

 
 

6 to <13

20

0.157 (0.119 to 0.194)

 

0.131 (0.094 to 0.168)

 
 

13 to <27

11

0.107 (0.057 to 0.158)

 

0.108 (0.061 to 0.155)

 
 

27 to <52

1

0.100 (−0.068 to 0.268)

 

0.094 (−0.221 to 0.409)

 
 

52+ weeks

20

0.065 (0.027 to 0.102)

 

0.041 (0.026 to 0.057)

 

Time quite

<3 weeks

23

0.101 (0.050 to 0.152)

NS

0.083 (0.030 to 0.137)

0.006

 

3 to <6

20

0.115 (0.075 to 0.155)

 

0.112 (0.069 to 0.154)

 
 

6 to <13

22

0.145 (0.109 to 0.181)

 

0.111 (0.075 to 0.148)

 
 

13 to <27

9

0.099 (0.042 to 0.156)

 

0.072 (0.036 to 0.109)

 
 

27 to <52

4

0.088 (0.003 to 0.173)

 

0.058 (−0.004 to 0.121)

 
 

52+ weeks

16

0.062 (0.020 to 0.105)

 

0.040 (0.023 to 0.057)

 

Models adjusted for time quit

      

Max Agef

<50 years

8

0.124 (0.047 to 0.201)

NS

0.161 (0.072 to 0.250)

NS

 

50-70 years

28

0.107 (0.071 to 0.144)

 

0.065 (0.038 to 0.093)

 
 

>70 years

58

0.094 (0.063 to 0.125)

 

0.080 (0.057 to 0.104)

 

Sex

Male

46

0.090 (0.060 to 0.121)

NS

0.073 (0.046 to 0.099)

NS

 

Female

30

0.139 (0.094 to 0.184)

 

0.123 (0.061 to 0.186)

 
 

Combined

18

0.095 (0.052 to 0.138)

 

0.078 (0.050 to 0.107)

 

Continent

N America

49

0.121 (0.082 to 0.160)

NS

0.055 (0.024 to 0.087)

NS

 

Europe

30

0.110 (0.075 to 0.146)

 

0.096 (0.062 to 0.130)

 
 

Asia

13

0.067 (0.016 to 0.118)

 

0.081 (0.050 to 0.112)

 
 

Australia

2

0.026 (−0.099 to 0.152)

 

0.018 (−0.179 to 0.215)

 

Timingg

<1990

26

0.119 (0.077 to 0.160)

NS

0.049 (0.016 to 0.082)

0.08

 

1990-1999

58

0.100 (0.071 to 0.129)

 

0.088 (0.065 to 0.110)

 
 

2000+

10

0.071 (0.012 to 0.130)

 

0.077 (0.040 to 0.114)

 

Study type

Observational

16

0.094 (0.031 to 0.157)

NS

0.086 (0.057 to 0.115)

NS

 

RCT

16

0.093 (0.042 to 0.145)

 

0.090 (0.057 to 0.123)

 
 

Other

62

0.108 (0.073 to 0.143)

 

0.067 (0.040 to 0.093)

 

Product smoked

Any

16

0.102 (0.056 to 0.148)

NS

0.103 (0.072 to 0.133)

0.09

 

Cigarettes

67

0.102 (0.075 to 0.130)

 

0.069 (0.047 to 0.091)

 
 

Cigarettes only

11

0.095 (0.035 to 0.155)

 

0.092 (0.054 to 0.129)

 

Validation of quitting

Yes

48

0.113 (0.077 to 0.149)

NS

0.088 (0.060 to 0.115)

NS

 

No

46

0.092 (0.059 to 0.125)

 

0.075 (0.051 to 0.098)

 

Constraint on diet/exercise

Stay same

15

0.141 (0.089 to 0.193)

0.09

0.191 (0.126 to 0.255)

0.003

 

Improve

9

0.135 (0.076 to 0.193)

 

0.064 (0.036 to 0.092)

 
 

No constraint

70

0.087 (0.061 to 0.114)

 

0.082 (0.066 to 0.099)

 

Baseline HDL-C

1st tertile

34

0.111 (0.070 to 0.151)

NS

0.101 (0.068 to 0.134)

0.03

 

2nd tertile

25

0.131 (0.083 to 0.178)

 

0.097 (0.048 to 0.147)

 
 

3rd tertile

28

0.100 (0.064 to 0.135)

 

0.084 (0.061 to 0.108)

 
 

unknown

7

0.044 (−0.030 to 0.118)

 

0.042 (0.010 to 0.073)

 

Baseline weight/BMIh

1st tertile

19

0.132 (0.066 to 0.199)

NS

0.154 (0.042 to 0.267)

NS

 

2nd tertile

28

0.073 (0.039 to 0.108)

 

0.073 (0.048 to 0.098)

 
 

3rd tertile

21

0.111 (0.060 to 0.163)

 

0.112 (0.065 to 0.158)

 
 

unknown

26

0.120 (0.083 to 0.156)

 

0.076 (0.047 to 0.105)

 

Change in weight/BMIh

1st tertile

5

0.155 (0.077 to 0.232)

NS

0.161 (0.092 to 0.230)

0.06

 

2nd tertile

29

0.076 (0.031 to 0.121)

 

0.074 (0.022 to 0.125)

 
 

3rd tertile

51

0.100 (0.073 to 0.128)

 

0.065 (0.041 to 0.089)

 
 

unknown

9

0.105 (0.041 to 0.170)

 

0.104 (0.042 to 0.166)

 

Baseline LDL-C

1st tertile

17

0.067 (0.001 to 0.132)

NS

0.092 (0.045 to 0.139)

NS

 

2nd tertile

16

0.132 (0.063 to 0.201)

 

0.084 (0.017 to 0.150)

 
 

3rd tertile

17

0.085 (0.039 to 0.130)

 

0.071 (0.028 to 0.113)

 
 

unknown

44

0.110 (0.079 to 0.141)

 

0.080 (0.054 to 0.106)

 

Baseline Triglycerides

1st tertile

26

0.134 (0.085 to 0.184)

NS

0.099 (0.017 to 0.181)

NS

 

2nd tertile

13

0.108 (0.059 to 0.157)

 

0.099 (0.034 to 0.163)

 
 

3rd tertile

24

0.075 (0.027 to 0.123)

 

0.079 (0.044 to 0.114)

 
 

unknown

31

0.096 (0.062 to 0.130)

 

0.075 (0.050 to 0.099)

 

Baseline Systolic BP

1st tertile

8

0.079 (0.015 to 0.142)

NS

0.060 (0.006 to 0.115)

NS

 

2nd tertile

7

0.117 (0.046 to 0.188)

 

0.096 (0.058 to 0.134)

 
 

3rd tertile

5

0.066 (−0.016 to 0.148)

 

0.090 (0.056 to 0.125)

 
 

unknown

74

0.107 (0.079 to 0.135)

 

0.075 (0.052 to 0.098)

 

Baseline Diastolic BP

1st tertile

8

0.079 (0.015 to 0.142)

NS

0.060 (0.006 to 0.115)

NS

 

2nd tertile

7

0.117 (0.046 to 0.188)

 

0.096 (0.058 to 0.134)

 
 

3rd tertile

5

0.066 (−0.016 to 0.148)

 

0.090 (0.056 to 0.125)

 
 

unknown

74

0.107 (0.079 to 0.135)

 

0.075 (0.052 to 0.098)

 
  1. aSee Additional file 2 (Table A2-1) for data used on change and SE. Analyses are based on repeated measures analysis of variance using the Kenward-Roger method.
  2. bNumber of estimates that the mean is based on.
  3. cNS p≥0.1. For the overall analysis, this is based on a test for an increase following quitting. For the subgroup analysis, this tests for variation by subgroup level.
  4. dPeriod between first measurement when smoking and second measurement when not smoking (using mean, median or midpoint where necessary).
  5. eBest estimate of time since quit at second measurement.
  6. fMaximum age of population at baseline.
  7. gBased on year of start of study.
  8. hUsing data for weight if both weight and BMI available (see Methods).
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Biomarker Research

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