Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases

Biomarker Research

Table 3 Frequency of two MC subsets in human diseases

Disease	CD14 ⁺⁺CD16 ^-(classical, phagocytic)	CD14 ⁺CD16 ⁺(Non-classical, inflammatory)	Functional changes associated with CD14 ⁺⁺CD16 ⁺MC expansion	PMID #
Rheumatoid Arthritis	No change	2.2% ↑	HLA-DR and CCR5↑ Counts of tender/swollen joints↑ Rheumatoid factors ↑	12384915
CAD		2.2% ↑	Serum TNFα ↑	15269840
CAD		8% ↑	Plaque vulnerability↑	20684824
Atherosclerosis	8% ↓	8% ↑		19461894
Hemophagocytic syndrome		31% ↑	Serum TNFα & IL-6↑	17619880
Crohn’s disease		5.7% ↑		17260384
Tumor/haematological malignancy		13.3% ↑		10209505

Circulating classical (CD14⁺⁺CD16^-, also described as CD14^brightCD16^-, phagocytic) and non-classical (CD14⁺ CD16⁺, also described as CD14^brightCD16⁺, inflammatory) MC counts were examined in human disease as indicated. The percentage change of MC subsets and some functional measurements are recorded. We used PMID # to cite individual manuscripts reporting these studies. MC, monocyte; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary arterial disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen DR (MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II); TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, interleukin 6; ↑, increase.

ISSN: 2050-7771