Table 7 Summary of identified metabolites in diabetes or obesity
From: Metabolomic analyses for atherosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity
Metabolites | Change | Sources or pathway | Species of study | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Glyceriphophphoetanolami-ne, diacyl-phophatidylethanolamine | ↑ | Impaired phospholipid metabolism | diabetic patient plasma | 15987116 |
Lyso-PCs* | ↑ | Lipid metabolism | diabetic patient plasma | 15987116 |
VLDL* | ↑ | Lipoprotein abnormalities | Pre-diabetic patient plasma | 15983261 |
Fatty acids (C18:2, C16:1, C20:4 and C22:4); saturated free fatty acid palmitate and stearate,; unsaturated Oleate-. | ↑ | Decreased metabolism of LysoPC*, uric acid and tricarboxylic acid cycle | Pre-diabetic patient plasma | 20676218 |
Arachidonic acids, non-esterified fatty acids | ↑ | Anabolism of prostaglandins Modulators of inflammatory processes | diabetic patient plasma | 21338761 |
isoleucine, leucine, valine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine | ↑ | Abnormal metabolism of branched chain and aromatic amino acid | Pre-diabetic and diabetic patient plasma | 21423183 |
HDL* | ↓ | Lipoprotein abnormalities | Pre-diabetic patient plasma | 15983261 |
Glycerol, leucine/isoleucine | ↓ | Lipolysis and proteolysis, | Pre-diabetic patient plasma | 18682704, 20976215 |
Esterified fatty acids | ↓ | Cellular self-repair mechanism | diabetic patient plasma | 21338761 |
phenylalanine | ↑ | Impaired regulation of the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene by Hnf1α gene | Insulin resistance patient, Type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse (Hnf1α-null mouse) and rats, type 1 diabetic rats | 20943816, 20150186, 21440515, 22546713 |
C3, C5, C6, and C8:1 acylcarnitines | ↑ | Increased catabolism of a branched-chain amino acid | Obesity patients serum | 19356713 |
Stearic acid | ↑ | Change of serum phospholipid contents | Obesity patients serum | 20560578 |
LysoPC* (C14:0, C18:0) | ↑ | Abnormal metabolism of BCAA*, aromatic amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis and oxidation | Overweight/obesity human | 20560578 22266733 |
Sulfur amino acids, tyrosine | ↑ | Partial BCAA catabolism | Metabolic syndrome patient | 19357637 |
Farnesoid X receptor | ↑ | Superfamily of ligand-activated nuclear receptor transcription factors | Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance patient | 19126757 |
Oleic acid | ↓ | Change of serum phospholipid contents | Obesity patients serum | 20560578 |
LysoPC* (C18:1) | ↓ | Abnormal metabolism of BCAA*, aromatic amino acids, and fatty acid synthesis and oxidation | Overweight/obesity human | 20560578 22266733 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid | ↓ | Metabolism of essential fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids | Patient of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus | 16892270 |