Table 6 Summary of identified metabolites in atherosclerosis
From: Metabolomic analyses for atherosclerosis, diabetes, and obesity
Metabolites | Change | Sources or pathways | Species of study | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
MET193 , MET221 Metabolites of CH2 chain and CH3 chain fatty acids | ↑ | CH2 chain and CH3 chain groups of fatty acid in LDL and VLDL | human plasma and human serum | 16344383, 12447357, 12572799 |
glucose, lactate, urea and valine | ↑ | Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism | human plasma | 20425260, 19813770 |
3-OH-butyrate, acetoacetate, palmitate, stearate, 11-transoctadecenoate, linoleate, and D-glycerol | ↑ | Increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis, β-oxidation and deficient insulin signaling | human plasma | 19813770 |
2-hydroxybutyrate | ↑ | Decreased L-threonine | human plasma | 19813770 |
Oxidized 1-Cys- peroxiredoxin | ↑ | Increased oxidative stress | ApoE -/- mouse and mouse aortic sooth muscle cells | 16123314 |
γ-aminobutyric acid, MET288, citrulline, argininosuccinate, oxaloacetate | ↓ | Preservation of citric acid metabolism intermediates | human-plasma | 16344383 |
4-hydroxyproline (4OH-Pro), citric acid, aspartic acid, fructose, | ↓ | Amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, deficient protection of 4OH-pro in vascular wall | human plasma | 19813770 20425260 |
D-fructose, pyruvate, myoinostol , medium-chain fatty acids (hexanoate and laurate) | ↓ | Impaired insulin sensitivity, glycolysis and glycogenogenesis; increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis | human plasma | 19813770 |
reduced 1-Cys peroxiredoxin, alanine, and NADPH generating malic enzyme | ↓ | Increased oxidative stress Reduced equivalents for lipid synthesis and glutathione recycling | ApoE -/- mouse and mouse aortic smooth muscle cells | 16123314 16240290 |
Cholesterol, LDL and VLDL | ↑ | Activated inflammatory pathways, then upregulation of regulators: mitogen-activated protein kinases | ApoE*3Leiden mouse ApoE -/- mouse | 16123314 17892536 |
Xanthine, ascorbate | ↑ | Plaque formation of vessels Stress induced more ascorbate production and oxidative stress | ApoE -/- mouse urine | 19565469 |
Ursodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, lysoPC (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1) | ↑ | Abnormal metabolism of bile acids and amino acids | atherosclerosis rat plasma | 19576453 |
Hippuric acid | ↑ | Abnormal metabolism of bile acids and amino acids | atherosclerosis rat urine | 19576453 |
HDL | ↓ | Decreased inhibition of inflammatory pathways | ApoE*3Leiden mouse ApoE -/- mouse | 16123314 17892536 |
Leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, acetylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, spermine | ↓ | Abnormal metabolism of amino acids | Atherosclerotic rat plasma | 19576453 |
3-O-Methyl-dopa, ethyl N2-acetyl-L-argininate, leucylproline, glucuronate, N6-threonylcarbonyl-adenosin and methyl-hippuric acid | ↓ | Abnormal metabolism of amino acids, phenylalanine, tryptophan and bile acids | atherosclerosis rat urine | 19576453 |