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Fig. 3 | Biomarker Research

Fig. 3

From: Galectins and galectin-mediated autophagy regulation: new insights into targeted cancer therapy

Fig. 3

Roles of galectins in autophagy. A Gal-8 promotes antibacterial autophagy by recognizing host glycans on ruptured vacuolar membranes and interacting with the autophagy adaptor protein NDP52. Autophagy receptor Tollip facilitates bacterial autophagy by recruiting Gal-7 in Response to bacterial Infection. Gal-3 accumulates at damaged phagosomes containing bacteria leading to a stronger anti-autophagic response. B Galectins recognize membrane damage by binding to lumenal glycans upon their exposure to the cytosol following endomembrane damage. During lysosomal damage, Gal-8 interacts with SLC38A9-Ragulator-mTOR complex and inhibits mTOR activity thereby inducing autophagy, whereas Gal-9 activates AMPK in response to lysosomal injury by promoting ubiquitination of TAK1. TRIM16 interacts with Gal-3 in response to damaged endomembrane

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