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Fig. 1 | Biomarker Research

Fig. 1

From: Roles and mechanisms of tumour-infiltrating B cells in human cancer: a new force in immunotherapy

Fig. 1

Crosstalk of B cells with other immune cells in the tumour microenvironment. Tumour-infiltrating B cells can activate CD4+ T cells, recruit CD8+ T cells and regulate the polarization of macrophages. In addition, B cells transform into plasma cells and effector B cells in the TME. Plasma cells can influence dendritic cells to present antigens to CD8+ T cells and produce antibodies to inhibit tumours. Plasma cells secrete antibodies to combine with the ligand of macrophages and transform macrophages into the M1 type to kill tumour cells. Effector B cells travel into the blood circulation to defend against potential tumour cells. However, Bregs can produce cytokines that are immunosuppressive and ultimately promote cancer development

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