Fig. 3
From: Advances of mRNA vaccine in tumor: a maze of opportunities and challenges
The main components of mRNA tumor vaccine. The first component is mRNA sequence encoding putative neoantigen, which could be either non-replicating or self-amplifying. The boxes below show methods to improve mRNA translation efficiency, stability, and immunogenicity. The second component is several common adjuvants that can be added selectively. The third component is several common mRNA delivery tools. UTR: untranslated region; ORF: open reading frame; SAM: self-amplified mRNA; TLR: Toll-like receptor; STING: stimulator of interferon genes GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; DCs: dendritic cells