Type | Morphological features | Biochemical features | Immune features | Core regulators |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apoptosis | Cell shrinkage,chromatin condensation, cell fragmentation, apoptotic body formation | Activation of caspases,DNA fragmentation, formation of apoptosome | TCD or ICD | Positive:AIF,APAF1,BAX,BAK1,BBC3(PUMA),BID,PMAIP1(NOXA) and TP53 Negative: BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL1 |
Necroptosis | Cells swelling, pore formation on cells membranes,plasma membranes rupture, and moderate chromatin condensation | Caspase-independent,RIPK1/RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MLKL, formation of necrosome | ICD | Positive: MLKL, RIPK1 and RIPK3 Negative:AURKA and ESCRT-III |
Pyroptosis | Cell membrane perforation, cellswelling,osmotic lysis, release of contents | Caspase-dependent ,GSDMD or GSDME cleavage,formation of inflammasome | ICD | Positive:Caspase-1,Caspase-4, Caspase-5,Caspase-11,GSDMD and GSDME Negative: ESCRT-III and GPX4 |
Ferroptosis | Cell swelling, pore formation on cell membrane, smaller mitochondria, reduced mitochondria crista, elevated mitochondrial membrane densities | Caspase-independent, iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, damage to the antioxidant system, inhibition of system Xc–/GSH/GPX4 signalling | ICD | Positive:ACC,ACSL4,ALOX, CDKN1A,DPP4,LPCAT3, NCOA4 and TFRC Negative:GPX4, HIF1α and SLC7A11 |
Autophagy | Phagosomes, autophagosomes, autolysosomes | Caspase-independent, LC3 lipidation, formation of autophagosome, elevated autophagic flux, and lysosomal activity | ICD | Positive: AMPK,ULK1 and PI3K Negative: mTOR |
Cuproptosis | Â | Caspase-independent,copper accumulation,aggregation of lipoacylated proteins | ICD | Positive:FDX1,LIAS,LIPT1,DLD,DLAT,PDHA1 and PDHB Negative:MTF,GLS and CDKN2A |