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Table 1 Morphological, biochemical,immune features and major regulators of apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,autophagy and cuproptosis

From: Effect of regulatory cell death on the occurrence and development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Type

Morphological features

Biochemical features

Immune

features

Core regulators

Apoptosis

Cell shrinkage,chromatin condensation, cell fragmentation, apoptotic body formation

Activation of caspases,DNA fragmentation, formation of apoptosome

TCD or

ICD

Positive:AIF,APAF1,BAX,BAK1,BBC3(PUMA),BID,PMAIP1(NOXA) and TP53

Negative: BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL1

Necroptosis

Cells swelling, pore formation on cells membranes,plasma membranes rupture, and moderate chromatin condensation

Caspase-independent,RIPK1/RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MLKL, formation of necrosome

ICD

Positive: MLKL, RIPK1 and RIPK3

Negative:AURKA and ESCRT-III

Pyroptosis

Cell membrane perforation, cellswelling,osmotic lysis, release of contents

Caspase-dependent ,GSDMD or GSDME cleavage,formation of inflammasome

ICD

Positive:Caspase-1,Caspase-4, Caspase-5,Caspase-11,GSDMD and GSDME

Negative: ESCRT-III and GPX4

Ferroptosis

Cell swelling, pore formation on cell membrane, smaller mitochondria, reduced mitochondria crista, elevated mitochondrial membrane densities

Caspase-independent, iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, damage to the antioxidant system, inhibition of system Xc–/GSH/GPX4 signalling

ICD

Positive:ACC,ACSL4,ALOX, CDKN1A,DPP4,LPCAT3, NCOA4 and TFRC

Negative:GPX4, HIF1α and SLC7A11

Autophagy

Phagosomes, autophagosomes, autolysosomes

Caspase-independent, LC3 lipidation, formation of autophagosome, elevated autophagic flux, and lysosomal activity

ICD

Positive: AMPK,ULK1 and PI3K

Negative: mTOR

Cuproptosis

 

Caspase-independent,copper accumulation,aggregation of lipoacylated proteins

ICD

Positive:FDX1,LIAS,LIPT1,DLD,DLAT,PDHA1 and PDHB

Negative:MTF,GLS and CDKN2A