Fig. 4

Induction of cell death by therapeutic regimens evokes antitumour immune responses. Therapeutic modalities, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, induce death in cancer cells. Apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy and cuproptosis in cancer generate abundant neoantigens, which are processed by antigen-presenting cells to promote the formation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), thereby evoking antitumour immunity. Agents that target apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy are noted in the figure (apoptosis inhibitor: CmpdA, CREB5; necroptosis inducer: ASTX660, birinapant; pyroptosis inducer: 5-FU, T22-PE24H6, T22-Ditox-H6; ferroptosis inducer: RSL3, ML210, SAS; ferroptosis inhibitor: XCT; autophagy inhibitor: afatinib, CQ, 3-MA, bortezomib, trichostatin)