Table 1 Commonly used technologies for biomarker discovery. Multiple approaches exist that allow multiplexed protein measurements in human body fluid samples. While mass spectrometry is still the customary method, novel affinity-based proteomics methods are also increasingly utilized

Untargeted mass spectrometry

Unbiased approach, widely established and used in laboratories, proteoform-specific information

False positive rate, limited sensitivity and dynamic range

No restriction

[26]

Proximity extension assay

High dynamic range, sensitivity and specificity

Not available for all proteins, no assay adaptation

>3000 proteins

[21]

Aptamer-based proteomics

High dynamic range, sensitivity and specificity

Not available for all proteins, no assay adaptation

>7000 proteins

[22]