Table 2 Precision treatment for chemoradiotherapy using GIC PDOs
Cancer type | Chemotherapy drugs | Assay | Key findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CRC | OXA, 5-FU, DDP, CPT-11, DOC, GEM | CTG | Organoid technology allows personalized treatment design for chemotherapy. | [22] |
CRC | 5-FU, OXA | CTG | Drug response between PDOs and PDXs were fairly concordant for OXA but were inconsistent for 5-FU. | [26] |
CRC | 5-FU, OXA, CPT-11, Capecitabine, Folinic acid | CTG | The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates of the CRC PDOs for predicting chemotherapy responses are 63.33, 94.12, and 79.69%, respectively. | [64] |
CRC | OXA | Single-Cell RNA-Seq | The technologies of Single-cell RNA-Seq and drug-screening based on CRC PDOs help to find cancer heterogeneity. | [65] |
CRC | Raltitrexed, OXA, MMC, GEM, 5-FU, Lobaplatin, Abraxane | CCK-8 | Raltitrexed has the most significant hyperthermia synergism among the common hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy drugs in CRC PDOs. | [66] |
mCRC | 5-FU, OXA, CPT-11 | CTG | The drug tests based on mCRC PDOs successfully predict the drug response to CPT-11 but fail to predict drug response to 5-FU plus OXA. | [31] |
mCRC | 5-FU, OXA, CPT-11, SN-38 | CTG | mCRC PDOs show sensitivities to 5-FU, SN-38, the same as drug responses in clinic. | [67] |
mCRC | Radiation, 5-FU, OXA | Optical metabolic imaging | The drug screening of mCRC PDOs shows promise to predict chemotherapy/radiation sensitivity for patients. It prospectively predicts response for a mCRC patient treated with re-treatment of FOLFOX chemotherapy. | [68] |
mCRC | MMC, OXA | Live-cell imaging | Peritoneal metastasis-derived organoids can be applied to evaluate HIPEC regimens for mCRC patients. | [69] |
mCRC | 5-FU, OXA, CPT-11 | CTG | The mCRC PDO-Sponge model keeping the similar expression level of lamin-A as their primary tumor tissues successfully predict FO chemotherapeutic regimen sensitivity. | [70] |
RC | 5FU, LV, OXA, Radiation | CTG | RC PDOs responses to chemoradiotherapy associated with responses in clinic. RC PDOs display the heterogeneous sensitivity to chemotherapy the same as in clinical. | [32] |
RC | 5-FU, CPT-11, Radiation | CTG | The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates of the RC PDOs for predicting chemotherapy responses are 78.01, 91.97, and 84.43%, respectively. | [33] |
PC | GEM, PTX, 5-FU, OXA, SN-38 | CTG | PDOs exhibit heterogeneous responses to chemotherapy. PDO chemosensitivity profiles can mimic patient outcomes. SMAD4-deleted PC PDOs is sensitive to GEM. | [34] |
PC | GEM, 5-FU, DDP, CBP, PTX, SN-38, OXA, DOC, NVB, VLB, CPT-11, CPT | CTG | Chemotherapy responses of PC PDOs indicate positive correlation with drug responses of patients in clinic. | [35] |
PDAC | GEM, 5-FU, PTX, OXA, CPT-11 | CTG | Pharmacotyping based on drug screening of PDCA PDOs has the potential for guiding postoperative adjuvant chemotherapeutic selection for PDCA patients undergoing surgery within the perioperative recovery period. | [71] |
PDAC | FOLFIRINOX, GEM, Abraxane | MTS | PDAC PDOs display patient-specific chemotherapeutic sensitivities, and the response of PDO in vitro to FOLFIRINOX and GEM/Abraxane treatment was consistent with that of PDX in vivo. | [72] |
PDAC | 5-FU, DOC, doxorubicin, VP, GEM, CPT-11, MMC, OXA, PTX | Ki-67 staining | The accuracy rates of the PDOs from treatment-naive patients for predicting first-line regimens and second-line regimens are 91.1 and 80.0%, respectively. The accuracy rate of the PDOs from pretreated patients falls into 40.0%. | [36] |
PDAC | Radiation | CTG | The combination of magnetic field and radiation show superior efficacy than monotherapy in PDAC PDOs. | [73] |
mPC | GEM, Abraxane | CTG | The response of PDX-derived organoids and PDX models to GEM correlates with drug response in matched patients. | [57] |
mPC | OXA | Organoid size | There is an excellent synergy of OXA and neoadjuvant photodynamic therapy without augment of toxicity based on mPC PDOs. | [74] |
GC | DDP, OXA, 5-FU, CPT-11 | CTG | Concordant cytotoxicity with chemotherapy drugs is found in GC PDOs from biopsy and surgical samples. | [42] |
GC | 5-FU, DDP, OXA, EPI, PTX | CTG | Common 5-FU and DDP resistances, and good OXA, EPI and PTX responses, are observed using GC PDO model. | [44] |
GC | 5-FU, OXA, CPT-11, EPI, DOC. | Annexin V/PI staining | An active conventional chemotherapeutic drug and a potential resistance pattern can be defined for each cancer organoid line. | [45] |
GC | OXA, 5-FU, DDP, DOC, CPT-11, EPI, PTX | CCK-8 | MADOs exhibit heterogeneous responses to standard-of-care chemotherapeutics. | [47] |
GC | EPI, OXA,5-FU. | Live/Dead staining | PDOs of GC is useful to predict therapy response for individual patient in clinic. | [46] |
GC | Nab-paclitaxel, 5-FU, EPI | CCK8 | The GC PDOs is more sensitive to nab-paclitaxel than 5-FU and EPI. | [75] |
PLC | Panobinostat, Ixazomib, Bortezomib, Daunorubicin, Topotecan, Plicamycin. | CTG | There used to be no approach to predict the response of human cancers to proteasome inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors. The drug testing based on PDO model has the potential to address the obstacles. | [48] |
EC | 5-FU | Organoid size | Cancer cells with high CD44 expression and autophagy are enriched in 5-FU resistance PDOs. | [51] |
EADC | 5-FU, EPI, DDP | CTG | The chemotherapy resistance for most EADC PDOs resembles the poor response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in EDAC patients. | [50] |
GBC | VP | CTG | GEM-resistant and high YAP1-expressed GBC PDOs are sensitive to VP treatment. | [76] |
mGIC | PTX, 5-FU, DDP | CTG | mGIC PDOs have a high accuracy value in forecasting response to chemotherapy in an individual patient. | [53] |