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Fig. 2 | Biomarker Research

Fig. 2

From: Impact of NSCLC metabolic remodeling on immunotherapy effectiveness

Fig. 2

Reprogramming the metabolic process of glucose in lung cancer. In addition to HIF-1α pathway,PPARy and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling impair the activity of enzymes and transporters limiting metabolic reprogramming in NSCLC. In the cell, glucose is transported by glucose transporters (GLUT)1 and 4. Glycolysis begins with the phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase (HK). In the cycle of pentose phosphate (PPP), glucose-6-phosphate is converted into nucleosides and NADPH by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Dephosphorylating PEP is accomplished by pyruvate kinase (PK) at the end of the glycolytic pathway to synthesize pyruvate and ATP. After that, pyruvate is turned into lactate by-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Lactate is delivered to the outside of the cell by monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1 and 4. During metabolism, pyruvate can be converted into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), which is following used by the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mitochondria to give rise to ATP and intermediate molecules that are essential to the biosynthesis of both lipids and amino acids. Figure created using BioRender.com

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