Table 2 Involvement of exosomes in the progression of prostate cancer (PC)
From: Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of exosomes in prostate cancer
Type | Cargo | Donor cells | Recipient cell | Targets | Application | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exosomes contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PC. | |||||||
 protein | integrin alpha 2 subunit | PC-3 | LNCaP, C4-2B, RC77T/E | FAK, ERK1/2 | Induces the EMT | 2020 | [79] |
 protein | Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor | PC-3 | hFOB1.19 | E-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, SOX2, OCT4a | Promotes migration, invasion, stemness, and EMT | 2020 | [80] |
 protein | Caveolin-1 | LNCaP, Du145 | LNCaP, Du145 | NFκB | Promotes tumor stem cell phenotype acquisition and the EMT | 2019 | [81] |
 miRNA) | miR-100-5p,miR-21-5p | Bulk cells, CSCs | WPMY-1 | MMPs-2, 9, 13, RANKL | Promotes fibroblast growth factor pathway activation, epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and the EMT | 2015 | [82] |
 miRNA | miRNA-26a | LNCaP, PC-3 | LNCaP, PC-3 | Not yet researched | Inhibitory effect on EMT process | 2019 | [83] |
 miRNA | miR-217,miR-23b-3p | PC-3, DU145 | PC-3, DU145 | E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Vimentin | Promotes the EMT and regulates PC cell proliferation and invasive ability | 2020 | [84] |
 miRNA | miR-146a-5p | CAF | LNCaP, DU145 | EGFR/ERK | Low expression in CAF promotes EMT and accelerates cancer cell metastasis | 2020 | [85] |
 miRNA | miR-95 | THP-1, M2-TAMs, PCA | PC3, DU145 | JunB | Promotes PC cell proliferation and invasion and the EMT | 2020 | [86] |
 circRNA | CIRC_0081234 | MDA-PCA-2b | 22RV1, DU145 | miR-1/MAP3K1 axis | Promotes PC cell migration, invasion, and epithelial transformation | 2021 | [87] |
Exosomes regulate angiogenesis in PC | |||||||
 miRNA | miR-27a-3p | PC-3 | HUVEC | Not yet researched | Promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells | 2021 | [88] |
 protein | c-Src, IGF-IR, GRK, FAK | PC-3, DU145, C4-2B | PC-3, DU145, C4-2B | IGF-IR, SrcpY416, GRK5, GRK6 | Promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis | 2016 | [89] |
Exosomes involved in the generation of the tumor microenvironment in PC | |||||||
 protein | TGF-β | DU145, PC3 | Primary fibroblasts | Smad3 | Modulates fibroblast phenotypes and functions | 2010 | [90] |
 gene/protein | KRAS, HRAS, RAB | RWPE-1, PC-3, C4-2B | Adipose Stem Cells | Raf | Induces tumorigenic transformation of adipose-derived stem cells | 2014 | [91] |
 miRNA | miR-130b | RWPE-1, PC-3, C4-2B | Adipose Stem Cells | Lats2, PDCD4, H-ras, K-ras | Recruits adult stem cells and enhances their clonal expansion through tumor mimicry | 2014 | [91] |
 miRNA | miR-125b | RWPE-1, PC-3, C4-2B | Adipose Stem Cells | Lats2, PDCD4, H-ras, K-ras | Recruits adult stem cells and enhances their clonal expansion through tumor mimicry | 2014 | [91] |
 miRNA | miR-155 | RWPE-1, PC-3, C4-2B | Adipose Stem Cells | Lats2, PDCD4, H-ras, K-ras | Recruits adult stem cells and enhances their clonal expansion through tumor mimicry | 2014 | [91] |
 miRNA | miR-375 | LNCaP | hFOB1.19 | Not specified | Promotes osteoblast activity | 2019 | [92] |
 miRNA | miR-409 | CAF | normal prostate fibroblasts | 2 M, RSU1, STAG2, PHC3, STAG2, NPRL2, RBL2 | Promotes the EMT | 2014 | [93] |
 miRNA | miR-154, miR-379 | ARCaPE, ARCaPM, LNCaP, C4-2 | ARCaPE, ARCaPM, LNCaP, C4-2 | STAG2, Smad7 | Promotes the EMT, cell stemness, and bone metastasis | 2014 | [94] |
 Not specified | Not specified | SV-HFO | PC-3 | YWHAG, PAK2, CDK5, RAD21 (not verified) | Stimulates tumor cell growth | 2015 | [95] |
 LncRNA | lncAY927529 | VCaP, LNCaP, DU145, PC3 | PC-3, DU145 | LC3II, CXCL14 | Regulates the bone microenvironment | 2021 | [96] |
Exosomes contribute to immune escape of PC cells | |||||||
 protein | NKG2D ligand | 22Rv1 | NK, CD8+ T | NKG2D | Downregulation of NKG2D expression on the surface of CD8+ T cells and NK cells | 2014 | [97] |
 protein | PGE2 | DU145 | DC | CD73 | Inhibits the presentation of tumor antigens | 2017 | [98] |
 miRNA | miR-125a | LNCaP | PBMC | AKT1 | Regulates the tumor microenvironment | 2014 | [99] |
 protein | CXCR4 | RM-1 | MDSCs | TLR2/NF- κB | Recruits MDSCs to the tumor microenvironment | 2021 | [100] |
Exosomes promote PC cell drug resistance | |||||||
 protein | Caveolin-1 | LNCaP | LNCaP | NFκB | Induces resistance to radiation and chemotherapy | 2019 | [81] |
 miRNA | miR-27a | PSC27 | PC-3 | p53 | Mediates chemoresistance in PC-3 cells | 2019 | [101] |
 miRNA | miR-423-5p | CAF | LN-CaP, 22Rv-1, C4-2 | GREM2 | Increases resistance of prostate cancer to taxane | 2020 | [102] |