Fig. 3

Physical and cellular factors in the microenvironment involved in YAP1-induced promotion of LCSCs. Physical factors, including hypoxic conditions and a high cell density, have been found to promote liver cancer stemness by activating YAP1. TAM recruitment by YAP1 overexpression also leads to the promotion of LCSCs. For CAFs, although they are directly related to the progression of LCSCs and YAP1 overexpression, further studies are needed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between the three. In addition, whether there are other mechanisms of mechanical stress-mediated YAP1-induced promotion of LCSCs remains to be explored