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Table 1 CTC Detection Technologies

From: Detection and clinical significance of circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer

Principle

Material/Device

Characteristic

Target

Tumor Type

Sensitivity%

Specificity%

Viability%

Ref

Immunoaffinity

Immunomagnetic

Immunonanocomposites equipped with fluorescence and magnetic properties (ZnS:Mn2+ quantum dots and Fe3O4/SiO2), which achieved capture and identification of CTCs simultaneously.

EpCAM

CRC/BC

90.8

[23]

Nanofibers

Poly ethylene oxide(PEO) was blended into nylon-6 through electrospinning to produce a fibrous mat-based CTCs detection method. High cell-substrate affinity and low leukocyte adsorption.

EpCAM

CRC

66.7–70.6

> 99

[24]

bio-microchip

ZnO nanowire coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillar microchips with a gear structure. More binding sites and rough surface.

EpCAM

CRC/BC

91.11 ± 5.53

96

[25]

Immunomagnetic

Tumor-targeting molecule FA and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated red blood cells. Natural cell membrane avoided absorption by leukocytes.

FR

BC

> 90

> 75

> 90

[26]

Nanovesicles

FA and fluorescein Cy5 coated erythrocyte-derived nanovesicles. Achieving Tumor targeting and fluorescence imaging simultaneously.

FR

CRC/BC

> 95

> 90

[27]

Fluorescent probe

FA functionalized terbium-doped dendritic fibrous nanosilica fluorescence spectrometry. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were utilized to verify the uptake of the fluorescent probe with FR-positive tumor cells.

FR

CRC

85

> 80

[28]

Immunomagnetic

rVAR2 protein coated micromagnetic beads. rVAR2 binding is unaffected by phenotypic plasticity.

ofCS

HCC/LC/PAAD/PC

86.0–91.9

[30]

Immunomagnetic

rVAR2 protein coated micromagnetic beads.

ofCS

GBMLGG

54–75

[31]

Microfluidic

Membrane protein O-glycan sialyl-Tn (STn) glycan-affinity microfluidic devices.

sTn

CRC

22

> 99.5

[36]

Immunomagnetic

EpCAM incombination with EGFR and HER3 based enrichment can significantly improve the detection rate of CTCs.

EpCAM/EGFR/HER3

NSCLC

66.7

[37]

Immuno-microbeads

Anti-EpCAM and anti-CD146 antibodies functionalized gelatin nanoparticle-coated silicon microbeads (SiO2@Gel MBs). SiO2@Gel MBs have large size and high density. The gelatin coating allows the release of captured CTCs with low damage and high efficiency.

EpCAM/CD146

BC/CRC

> 80

> 85

92.5

[38]

Immunomagnetic

FA and anti-EpCAM antibody functionalized magnetic hyaluronan capsules.

EpCAM/FR

BC

> 88

95

[39]

Microfluidic

A platform integrated of dendrimer-mediated multivalent binding, a mixture of antibodies and biomimetic cell rolling.

EPCAM/EGFR/CA9/c-Met

RCC

80

[40]

Magnetic dynamic microbiointerface

A saccharide-sensitive biomimetic microplatform, which can mimick the dynamic properties of natural excellular matrix. Good biocompatibility, high capture efficiency, excellent cell selectivity.

mussel-inspired cancer cell-targeting peptide

BC

85

[42]

AuNPs Electrochemical

Gold nanoparticle-based multipedal DNA walker. TCEP-mediated electrochemical amplification is used to further enhance the electrochemical signal. High sensitivity and anti-interference ability.

DNA probes

ALL

> 96.3

[43]

Biophysical Properties

Microfluidic

A spiral microchannel with inherent centrifugal force. Taking advantage of two phenomena: Dean migration and inertial focusing. Only the larger CTC undergo inertial focusing and be collected.

 

LC

100

10

> 98

[52]

Microfiltration

A 3D palladium filter with an 8 mm-sized pore and a 30 mm-sized pocket. A device driven by gravity flow.

 

BC/GC/CRC/PAAD

> 85

[53]

Microfiltration

A high-density microporous (HDM) chip. High sensitivity and specificity, simplicity, and low cost, enables subsequent single cell molecular characterization and analysis.

 

CRC

65.8

96

[54]

Density gradient centrifugation

The unique separation tube and collector of AccuCyte system enable the complete separation of the buffy coat layer of white blood cells and platelets.

 

BC/PC/CRC

90.5

81

[57]

Microfluidic

Consist of deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) isolating structure, an automatic purifying device with CD45-labeled immunomagnetic beads and a rat-tail collagen coated capturing platform.

 

LC

90

50

> 90

[58]

Microfluidic

A sequential ensemble decision aliquot ranking (eDAR) chip with two sorting nodes. CTCs are detected by laser-induced fluorescence(PE-EpCAM), then the CTC-detection signals activate a solenoid and change the pressure of flow to achieve sorting at two junctions.

 

BC

> 90

70

[61]