Table 1 Summary of OVs against TNBC

Adenovirus

Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CD46, Desmoglein-2(DSG-2)

CNHK600-IL24

Arm with IL-24

Induce TNBC apoptosis

[41]

p55-hTERT-HRE-TRAIL

Arm with P55-HTERT-HRE-TRAIL

Target TNBC and induce apoptosis

[42]

OBP-401 adenovirus

Arm with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene

Increase the targeting to cancer cells

[43]

Ad5-10miR145T

Carry ten miR-145-5p target sequences

Target miR-145-5P

[44]

Ad.DCN

Express decorin protein

Promote the expression of decorin

[45]

SG400-E2F/IL-15

Replace the endogenous promoter with the E2F-1 promoter and arm with IL-15 gene

Target E2F and promote the expression of IL-15

[46]

Herpes simplex virus

Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin1/2, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG)

G47Δ

Delete α47 and γ34.5 genes; Insert Escherichia Coli LacZ into ICP6

Enhance cytotoxicity to tumor cells

[47, 48]

GD116

Insert MyD116 C-terminus

Enhance the replication and virulence

[49]

G47Δ-mIL12

Insert IL-12 into G47Δ

Enhance antitumor immune response

[50]

Vaccinia virus

Glycosaminoglycans/ laminin, macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO)

VV40L

Arm with CD40 ligand

Target CD40

[51]

VG9-IL-24

Arm with IL-25

Induce apoptosis

[52]

Reovirus

Carbohydrates, Junction adhesion molecule-A(JAM-A)

reo-dox

Conjugate Doxorubicin

Enhance cytotoxicity

[53]

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Low-density lipoprotein (LDLR)

VSVd51

A mutation in the matrix protein

Expands the tropism for diverse cancer types

[54]

Measles virus

CD46, nectin-4

rMV-SLAMblind

Mutate R533A in the H protein

Entry cancer cells through nectin-4 receptor

[55]

rMV-BNiP3

Arm with BNiP3

Enhance the ability of Inducing apoptosis

[56]

Newcastle disease virus

Sialic acid (SA)

rAF-IL12

Insert IL-12

Enhance anti-tumor immune response

[57]

Maraba virus

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)

MG1

Mutate G protein (Q242R) and M protein (L123W)

Improve virulence and reduce the ability to kill normal cells

[58, 59]

Coxsackievirus

Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor(CAR), Intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)

CVA21

Natural strain

Capable of lytic infection of breast cancer cells

[60]