Table 2 Characteristics of neoantigen-based therapy
Therapy type | Peptide vaccine | DNA vaccine | mRNA vaccine | Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine | T cell-based therapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Synthetic long peptide | Double stranded (dsDNA) | mRNA encapsulation in carriers | Neoantigen-loaded autologous dendritic cells | Neoantigen-specific autologous T cell |
Immunogenicity | Low/Moderate | Low/Moderate | Low/Moderate | High | High |
Neoantigen number | Up to 20 ~ 30 | Up to 20 ~ 30 | Up to 20 ~ 30 | Up to 20 ~ 30 | Few |
Human leucocyte (HLA)-subtype restricted | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Advantage | Low toxicity; easy to manufacture | Low toxicity; easy to manufacture on large scale | Low toxicity; easy to manufacture on large scale | N/A | N/A |
Difficulty | Restricted to HLA subtype; costly and difficult purification of proteins and equipping the proteins with natural, post-translational modifications. | Need to enter the nucleus to express the antigen | Improving mRNA stability and preventing from degradation; harsh storage condition | Expensive; labor-consuming DC generation | Expensive; labor-consuming identification and isolation of these mutation specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) |
Severe side effect | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Cytokine release syndrome |