Table 1 Characteristics of all hospitalized COVID-19 patients receiving empiric therapeutic AC versus prophylactic AC

Age, median (IQR)

61 (54–72)

62 (50–75)

0.894

62 (54–72)

65 (52–75)

0.345

Age categories, n (%)

0.001*

0.064

18–39

11 (5.3)

87 (11.4)

6 (4.5)

19 (8.8)

40–59

78 (37.3)

244 (31.9)

50 (37.6)

61 (28.4)

60–79

101 (48.3)

309 (40.4)

65 (48.9)

101 (47.0)

≥80

19 (9.1)

124 (16.2)

12 (9.0)

34 (15.8)

Gender, Female, n (%)

77 (36.8)

336 (44.0)

0.064

47 (35.3)

80 (37.2)

0.725

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.348

0.737

Latinx

141 (67.5)

482 (63.0)

97 (72.9)

154 (71.6)

Black

62 (29.7)

236 (31.0)

34 (25.6)

55 (25.6)

White

4 (1.9)

29 (3.8)

2 (1.5)

6 (2.8)

Asian

2 (1.0)

17 (2.2)

0

0

Body Mass Index, median (IQR)

30.1 (26.2–35.0)

29.0 (25.0–33.7)

0.066

30.2 (26.4–35.0)

29.4 (25.0–34.2)

0.155

Body Mass Index categories, n (%)

0.136

0.258

Underweight

1 (0.6)

14 (1.8)

1 (0.8)

5 (2.3)

Normal

28 (17.0)

170 (22.3)

21 (15.8)

42 (19.1)

Overweight

49 (29.7)

244 (31.9)

39 (29.3)

74 (34.4)

Obesity

107 (51.2)

327 (42.8)

72 (54.1)

95 (44.2)

Current smoker, n (%)

4 (1.9)

36 (4.7)

0.071

1 (0.8)

3 (1.4)

1.000

 Diabetes mellitus

94 (45.0)

358 (46.9)

0.629

55 (41.4)

91 (42.3)

0.858

 Hypertension

120 (57.4)

322 (42.1)

< 0.001*

67 (50.4)

102 (47.4)

0.595

 Chronic lung disease

34 (16.3)

148 (19.4)

0.308

24 (18.0)

39 (18.1)

0.982

 Congestive heart failure

8 (3.8)

55 (7.2)

0.049*

6 (4.5)

12 (5.6)

0.661

 Chronic kidney disease, stage> 3

24 (11.5)

105 (13.7)

0.393

12 (9.0)

23 (10.7)

0.614

 Cancer

19 (9.1)

52 (6.8)

0.260

10 (7.5)

19 (8.8)

0.665

 Chronic liver disease and Cirrhosis

9 (5.5)

20 (2.6)

0.047*

6 (4.5)

10 (4.7)

0.952

 HIV, transplant, and other immunosuppression status

7 (4.2)

34 (4.5)

0.906

7 (5.3)

11 (5.1)

0.952

 Charlson Comorbidities Index (CCI), median (IQR)

3 (1–4)

3 (1–5)

0.909

2 (1–4)

3 (1–4)

0.976

 HAS-BLED score, median (IQR)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–4)

0.061

2 (1–2)

2 (1–3)

0.109

 Fever

127 (60.8)

461 (60.3)

0.911

83 (62.4)

129 (60.0)

0.655

 Cough

148 (70.8)

497 (65.1)

0.118

97 (72.9)

149 (69.3)

0.470

 Dyspnea

166 (79.4)

520 (68.1)

0.001*

107 (80.5)

167 (77.7)

0.538

 Gastrointestinal symptoms

33 (15.8)

205 (26.8)

0.001*

24 (18.0)

51 (23.7)

0.211

 Neurologic symptoms

37 (17.7)

132 (17.3)

0.885

22 (16.5)

45 (20.9)

0.313

 White blood cell count [4.8–10.8 × 10 ³/μL]

10.0 (7.0–13.2)

7.6 (5.5–10.4)

< 0.001*

9.8 (6.9–12.5)

9.0 (6.6–11.5)

0.165

 Absolute lymphocyte cell count [1.0–4.8 × 10 ³/μL]

1.0 (0.6–1.3)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

0.027*

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.9 (0.7–1.3)

0.428

 Absolute neutrophil cell count [1.8–7.8 × 10 ³/μL]

8.5 (5.6–11.3)

5.7 (3.9–8.4)

< 0.001*

8.4 (5.3–10.6)

7.2 (4.9–9.5)

0.077

 Hemoglobin [14–18 g/dL]

13.2 (11.9–14.3)

13.2 (11.6–14.5)

0.864

13.0 (11.6–14.1)

13.1 (11.5–14.6)

0.467

 Platelet count [150–450/μL]

248.0 (194.0–312.0)

215.0 (167.0–275.0)

< 0.001*

241.0 (192.5–307.5)

232.0 (177.0–310.0)

0.462

 D-dimer [<=230 ng/mL]

1207.0 (413.0–5721.0)

498.0 (258.0–897.0)

< 0.001*

882.0 (403.0–3278.5)

793.0 (393.0–2024.1)

0.051

 Lactate dehydrogenase [135–225 U/L]

592.5 (457.0–768.8)

457.0 (333.3–640.8)

< 0.001*

599.0 (459.0–724.5)

605.0 (398.0–715.0)

0.597

 C-reactive protein [0–0.40 mg/dL]

19.1 (10.8–30.0)

11.3 (5.5–21.3)

< 0.001*

20.7 (11.2–27.1)

18.3 (10.8–26.5)

0.368

 Interleukin-6 [0–5.5 pg/mL]

129.5 (62.1–285.8)

78.3 (27.1–172.3)

< 0.001*

221.7 (92.6–299.5)

238.6 (96.7–278.7)

0.249

 Ferritin [12–300 ng/mL]

883.0 (492.0–1606.0)

688.0 (365.0–1224.5)

0.002*

1070.0 (502.5–1532.5)

1067.0 (562.0–1387.5)

0.568

 Bilateral patchy infiltrates

131 (62.7)

412 (53.9)

0.024*

91 (68.4)

129 (60.0)

0.137

 Ground glass opacity

82 (39.2)

217 (28.4)

0.003*

53 (39.8)

70 (32.6)

0.238

 Consolidation

19 (9.1)

102 (13.4)

0.098

12 (9.0)

26 (12.1)

0.207

 Atelectasis

4 (1.9)

33 (4.3)

0.107

2 (1.5)

7 (3.3)

0.491

 Hydroxychloroquine

167 (79.9)

542 (70.9)

0.010*

105 (78.9)

165 (76.6)

0.589

 Azithromycin

177 (84.7)

553 (72.4)

< 0.001*

111 (83.4)

173 (80.6)

0.480

 Remdesevir

15 (7.2)

1 (0.1)

< 0.001*

1 (0.8)

1 (0.5)

0.555

 Sarilumab/Tocilizumab

26 (12.4)

35 (4.6)

< 0.001*

15 (11.3)

20 (9.4)

0.540

 Convalescent plasma

22 (10.5)

6 (0.8)

< 0.001*

7 (5.3)

6 (3.0)

0.122

 Stress dose of steroid

55 (33.3)

74 (9.7)

< 0.001*

28 (18.6)

40 (18.4)

0.756

 COVID-19 severity classification on admission, n (%)

< 0.001*

0.458

 Moderate

21 (10.0)

378 (49.3)

13 (9.8)

32 (14.9)

 Severe

83 (39.7)

209 (27.4)

47 (35.3)

80 (37.2)

 Critical

105 (50.2)

177 (23.2)

73 (54.9)

103 (47.9)

 Sepsis by quick SOFA on admission, n (%)

37 (22.4)

230 (30.1)

0.048*

35 (26.3)

51 (23.7)

0.586

 Acute kidney injury on admission, n (%)

53 (32.1)

218 (28.5)

0.358

45 (33.8)

77 (35.8)

0.707

 Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%)

128 (77.6)

221 (28.9)

< 0.001*

98 (73.7)

141 (65.6)

0.113

 Major bleeding, n (%)

23 (14.1)

27 (3.5)

< 0.001*

18 (13.8)

8 (3.9)

< 0.001*

 Days of hospitalization, median (IQR)

11 (6–21)

7 (4–12)

< 0.001*

9 (6–19)

7 (5–12)

< 0.001*

 All-cause mortality, n (%)

83 (50.3)

165 (21.6)

< 0.001*

80 (60.2)

131 (60.9)

0.885