| Prior to Propensity Score Match | After Propensity Score Match | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Therapeutic AC (n = 165) | Prophylactic AC (n = 764) | p value | Therapeutic AC (n = 133) | Prophylactic AC (n = 215) | p value |
Age, median (IQR) | 61 (54–72) | 62 (50–75) | 0.894 | 62 (54–72) | 65 (52–75) | 0.345 |
Age categories, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.001* | Â | Â | 0.064 |
18–39 | 11 (5.3) | 87 (11.4) |  | 6 (4.5) | 19 (8.8) |  |
40–59 | 78 (37.3) | 244 (31.9) |  | 50 (37.6) | 61 (28.4) |  |
60–79 | 101 (48.3) | 309 (40.4) |  | 65 (48.9) | 101 (47.0) |  |
≥80 | 19 (9.1) | 124 (16.2) |  | 12 (9.0) | 34 (15.8) |  |
Gender, Female, n (%) | 77 (36.8) | 336 (44.0) | 0.064 | 47 (35.3) | 80 (37.2) | 0.725 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.348 | Â | Â | 0.737 |
Latinx | 141 (67.5) | 482 (63.0) | Â | 97 (72.9) | 154 (71.6) | Â |
Black | 62 (29.7) | 236 (31.0) | Â | 34 (25.6) | 55 (25.6) | Â |
White | 4 (1.9) | 29 (3.8) | Â | 2 (1.5) | 6 (2.8) | Â |
Asian | 2 (1.0) | 17 (2.2) | Â | 0 | 0 | Â |
Body Mass Index, median (IQR) | 30.1 (26.2–35.0) | 29.0 (25.0–33.7) | 0.066 | 30.2 (26.4–35.0) | 29.4 (25.0–34.2) | 0.155 |
Body Mass Index categories, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.136 | Â | Â | 0.258 |
Underweight | 1 (0.6) | 14 (1.8) | Â | 1 (0.8) | 5 (2.3) | Â |
Normal | 28 (17.0) | 170 (22.3) | Â | 21 (15.8) | 42 (19.1) | Â |
Overweight | 49 (29.7) | 244 (31.9) | Â | 39 (29.3) | 74 (34.4) | Â |
Obesity | 107 (51.2) | 327 (42.8) | Â | 72 (54.1) | 95 (44.2) | Â |
Current smoker, n (%) | 4 (1.9) | 36 (4.7) | 0.071 | 1 (0.8) | 3 (1.4) | 1.000 |
Past diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 94 (45.0) | 358 (46.9) | 0.629 | 55 (41.4) | 91 (42.3) | 0.858 |
 Hypertension | 120 (57.4) | 322 (42.1) | < 0.001* | 67 (50.4) | 102 (47.4) | 0.595 |
 Chronic lung disease | 34 (16.3) | 148 (19.4) | 0.308 | 24 (18.0) | 39 (18.1) | 0.982 |
 Congestive heart failure | 8 (3.8) | 55 (7.2) | 0.049* | 6 (4.5) | 12 (5.6) | 0.661 |
 Chronic kidney disease, stage> 3 | 24 (11.5) | 105 (13.7) | 0.393 | 12 (9.0) | 23 (10.7) | 0.614 |
 Cancer | 19 (9.1) | 52 (6.8) | 0.260 | 10 (7.5) | 19 (8.8) | 0.665 |
 Chronic liver disease and Cirrhosis | 9 (5.5) | 20 (2.6) | 0.047* | 6 (4.5) | 10 (4.7) | 0.952 |
 HIV, transplant, and other immunosuppression status | 7 (4.2) | 34 (4.5) | 0.906 | 7 (5.3) | 11 (5.1) | 0.952 |
 Charlson Comorbidities Index (CCI), median (IQR) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–5) | 0.909 | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 0.976 |
 HAS-BLED score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.061 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 0.109 |
Initial symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
 Fever | 127 (60.8) | 461 (60.3) | 0.911 | 83 (62.4) | 129 (60.0) | 0.655 |
 Cough | 148 (70.8) | 497 (65.1) | 0.118 | 97 (72.9) | 149 (69.3) | 0.470 |
 Dyspnea | 166 (79.4) | 520 (68.1) | 0.001* | 107 (80.5) | 167 (77.7) | 0.538 |
 Gastrointestinal symptoms | 33 (15.8) | 205 (26.8) | 0.001* | 24 (18.0) | 51 (23.7) | 0.211 |
 Neurologic symptoms | 37 (17.7) | 132 (17.3) | 0.885 | 22 (16.5) | 45 (20.9) | 0.313 |
Initial laboratory test, median (IQR) | ||||||
 White blood cell count [4.8–10.8 × 10 3/μL] | 10.0 (7.0–13.2) | 7.6 (5.5–10.4) | < 0.001* | 9.8 (6.9–12.5) | 9.0 (6.6–11.5) | 0.165 |
 Absolute lymphocyte cell count [1.0–4.8 × 10 3/μL] | 1.0 (0.6–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.027* | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.428 |
 Absolute neutrophil cell count [1.8–7.8 × 10 3/μL] | 8.5 (5.6–11.3) | 5.7 (3.9–8.4) | < 0.001* | 8.4 (5.3–10.6) | 7.2 (4.9–9.5) | 0.077 |
 Hemoglobin [14–18 g/dL] | 13.2 (11.9–14.3) | 13.2 (11.6–14.5) | 0.864 | 13.0 (11.6–14.1) | 13.1 (11.5–14.6) | 0.467 |
 Platelet count [150–450/μL] | 248.0 (194.0–312.0) | 215.0 (167.0–275.0) | < 0.001* | 241.0 (192.5–307.5) | 232.0 (177.0–310.0) | 0.462 |
 D-dimer [<=230 ng/mL] | 1207.0 (413.0–5721.0) | 498.0 (258.0–897.0) | < 0.001* | 882.0 (403.0–3278.5) | 793.0 (393.0–2024.1) | 0.051 |
 Lactate dehydrogenase [135–225 U/L] | 592.5 (457.0–768.8) | 457.0 (333.3–640.8) | < 0.001* | 599.0 (459.0–724.5) | 605.0 (398.0–715.0) | 0.597 |
 C-reactive protein [0–0.40 mg/dL] | 19.1 (10.8–30.0) | 11.3 (5.5–21.3) | < 0.001* | 20.7 (11.2–27.1) | 18.3 (10.8–26.5) | 0.368 |
 Interleukin-6 [0–5.5 pg/mL] | 129.5 (62.1–285.8) | 78.3 (27.1–172.3) | < 0.001* | 221.7 (92.6–299.5) | 238.6 (96.7–278.7) | 0.249 |
 Ferritin [12–300 ng/mL] | 883.0 (492.0–1606.0) | 688.0 (365.0–1224.5) | 0.002* | 1070.0 (502.5–1532.5) | 1067.0 (562.0–1387.5) | 0.568 |
Radiographic findings, n (%) | ||||||
 Bilateral patchy infiltrates | 131 (62.7) | 412 (53.9) | 0.024* | 91 (68.4) | 129 (60.0) | 0.137 |
 Ground glass opacity | 82 (39.2) | 217 (28.4) | 0.003* | 53 (39.8) | 70 (32.6) | 0.238 |
 Consolidation | 19 (9.1) | 102 (13.4) | 0.098 | 12 (9.0) | 26 (12.1) | 0.207 |
 Atelectasis | 4 (1.9) | 33 (4.3) | 0.107 | 2 (1.5) | 7 (3.3) | 0.491 |
Other medications received, n (%) | ||||||
 Hydroxychloroquine | 167 (79.9) | 542 (70.9) | 0.010* | 105 (78.9) | 165 (76.6) | 0.589 |
 Azithromycin | 177 (84.7) | 553 (72.4) | < 0.001* | 111 (83.4) | 173 (80.6) | 0.480 |
 Remdesevir | 15 (7.2) | 1 (0.1) | < 0.001* | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0.555 |
 Sarilumab/Tocilizumab | 26 (12.4) | 35 (4.6) | < 0.001* | 15 (11.3) | 20 (9.4) | 0.540 |
 Convalescent plasma | 22 (10.5) | 6 (0.8) | < 0.001* | 7 (5.3) | 6 (3.0) | 0.122 |
 Stress dose of steroid | 55 (33.3) | 74 (9.7) | < 0.001* | 28 (18.6) | 40 (18.4) | 0.756 |
 COVID-19 severity classification on admission, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001* |  |  | 0.458 |
 Moderate | 21 (10.0) | 378 (49.3) |  | 13 (9.8) | 32 (14.9) |  |
 Severe | 83 (39.7) | 209 (27.4) |  | 47 (35.3) | 80 (37.2) |  |
 Critical | 105 (50.2) | 177 (23.2) |  | 73 (54.9) | 103 (47.9) |  |
 Sepsis by quick SOFA on admission, n (%) | 37 (22.4) | 230 (30.1) | 0.048* | 35 (26.3) | 51 (23.7) | 0.586 |
 Acute kidney injury on admission, n (%) | 53 (32.1) | 218 (28.5) | 0.358 | 45 (33.8) | 77 (35.8) | 0.707 |
Hospital course (unmatched) | ||||||
 Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 128 (77.6) | 221 (28.9) | < 0.001* | 98 (73.7) | 141 (65.6) | 0.113 |
 Major bleeding, n (%) | 23 (14.1) | 27 (3.5) | < 0.001* | 18 (13.8) | 8 (3.9) | < 0.001* |
 Days of hospitalization, median (IQR) | 11 (6–21) | 7 (4–12) | < 0.001* | 9 (6–19) | 7 (5–12) | < 0.001* |
 All-cause mortality, n (%) | 83 (50.3) | 165 (21.6) | < 0.001* | 80 (60.2) | 131 (60.9) | 0.885 |