Table 1 Mechanisms of exosomes-mediated abscopal effects
From: The role of exosomes in tumour immunity under radiotherapy: eliciting abscopal effects?
Exosome cargo | Cell type | Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
TAAs (CDCP1) DAMPs (Hsp70,Hsp90) | H22 hepatoma and 4 T1 breast cancer cells | Activate antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells via cross-presentation pathways, enhance tumour infiltration of CD4 and CD8 T cells | [9] |
Mart-1/MelanA tumour antigens, Tyrosinase-related protein, HSP70, | Melanoma cells | Transfer MHC-I–peptide complexes and/or whole antigens to DCs to promote CTL activation | |
ANXA1, ANAX2, ITGB1, ITGA3, FN1, CTNNB1, APOH | MSCs | Activate leukocyte adhesion to tumour cells to limit tumour growth, induce tumour cells apoptosis and modulate radiotherapeutic efficacy. | [45] |
dsDNA | BALB/C mouse derived mammary carcinoma cell | Activate IFN-I via cGAS/STING pathway in DCs | [52] |
MiR-21 | lung fibroblast MRC5 cell | Depress target gene (bcl-2) expression, increase chromosomal aberration and DNA damage in bystander cells | [91] |
Proteins RNAs | breast epithelial cancer MCF7 cell breast epithelial cancer MCF7 cell | Cause inflammation and chromosomal damage in unirradiated cells Changes in epigenetics, delayed damage in unirradiated cells | [92] |
MiR-7-5p | human bronchial epithelial BEP2D cell | Induce autophagy in non-targeted cells by EGFR/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway | [107] |