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Fig. 1 | Biomarker Research

Fig. 1

From: Plasma contact factors as novel biomarkers for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 1

Activation of plasma contact factors with clinical stage of AD and correlation strengths between biomarkers. Concentrations of typical AD biomarkers, including Aβ1–42 (a), t-Tau (b), p-Tau181 (c) and BK (d) in CSF were measured from normal (NR), prodromal AD (P-AD), and AD dementia (AD-D) groups by ELISA. The activities of plasma contact factors such as FXIIa (e), FXIa (f), FXa (g), and kallikrein (h) were measured in the presence of 0.4 mM each of corresponding specific synthetic peptide substrates as described in Study design. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for comparisons between the three groups (NR, P-AD, and AD-D). Data are presented as mean values for each group. *: statistically significant difference between the indicated group and the NR; : statistically significant difference between the P-AD and the AD-D groups. Correlation plots of FXIIa versus Aβ1–42 (i), FXIIa versus t-Tau (j), FXIIa versus p-Tau181 (k), and CSF BK versus Aβ1–42 (l). Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlations between the activity of plasma contact factor and CSF AD biomarker as indicated, in which statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. In panels a to l, cyan, blue, and red colored circles represent NR, P-AD, and AD-D groups, respectively. Dynamics of biomarkers analyzed in AD pathological cascade (m). Lines show z-scores in mean values of normalized biomarker levels for each AD group

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