Fig. 1
From: Modulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway by long noncoding RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma
Outline of TGF-β signaling pathway regulating HCC initiation and progression. TGF-β affect downstream molecules through canonical (SMADs) and noncanonical (AKT, KRAS, EGFR, STAT3 and PDGF) pathway to regulate several HCC-related processes. Many downstream molecules of TGF-β signaling pathway were reported to involve in the processes including liver fibrogenesis (p38, STAT3),tumor growth (Ki-67, MYC, Artemin and NF-kB) stemness (CD44, CD133, EpCAM and β-catenin), EMT (N-cadherin, AXL and Snail), apoptosis (EGFR, p-AKT) and immune inhibition (CD86, CD96, PD-1 and HLA-DR)