Table 2 Roles of tRNA-derived fragments and tRNA halves in cancer drug resistance

breast cancer

tDR-0009

tDR-7336

tDR-0009 and tDR-7336 can maintain cell response to IL-6, which participates in multidrug resistance by activating the JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt, and Ras-MAPK pathways.

[13, 50]

tDR-0124

tDR-11,898

tDR-0124 and tDR-11,898 are involved in chemoresistance

[13]

tRF-30-JZOYJE22RR33 tRF-27-ZDXPHO53KSN

trastuzumab resistance

[12]

tDR-5334

tamoxifen resistance

[16, 51]

tDR-4733

tDR-4733 mediates acquired resistance to HER2 inhibitors through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

[52]

5′-tiRNA^Val

5′-tiRNA^Val can directly bind to FZD3 and inhibit the FZD3-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is related to tamoxifen and doxorubicin resistance.

[18]

tRF-2 derived from

tRNA^Glu, tRNA^Asp,

tRNA^Gly and tRNA^Tyr

tRFs increase chemosensitivity of various tumors by replacing 3′-UTR from YBX1.

[23, 53]

ts-46, ts-47

ts-46 and ts-47 are upregulated by PIK3CA and KRAS mutations, respectively. These two mutations are involved in the resistance of breast cancer cells to lapatinib.

[26]

lung cancer

tRF-Leu-CAG

tRF-Leu-CAG may be related to AURKA. AURKA overexpression induces gefitinib and cisplatin resistance.

[27, 54, 55]

ts-101, ts-46, ts-47

Mediate multidrug resistance

[25]

pancreatic cancer

tRF-1391

Target genes of tRF-1391 are mainly concentrated in the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is related to doxorubicin resistance.

[28, 56]

colorectal cancer

tRF/miR-1280

tRF/miR-1280 binds to 3′-UTR of JAG2, thus inhibiting Notch/Gata and miR-200b signaling. JAG2, Notch, Gata, and miR-200b are related to drug resistance.

[29]

tiRNA-Tyr-GTA

tRF-Gln-CTG

tRF-Leu-TAG

chemoresistance

[30]

ovarian cancer

tRF-03357

tRF-03358

tRFs are involved in the MAPK, FoxO, and Wnt pathways and affect sensitivity to cisplatin.

[40]

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

ts-101, ts-53, ts-46, ts-47

unclear

[25]