Regulator | Molecular structure | Catalytic substrate | Cellular distribution | Cellular processes involved | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Writer | NSUN2 | A SAM binding site and a catalytic domain, which contains two cysteine residues | tRNA at position C34, 40, 48–50, mRNA (near the start codons and stop codons in coding sequence, also in untranslated region), rRNA, viral RNA, vault RNA | G1 phase: nucleolus, S phase: between nucleolus and nucleoplasm, G2 phase: cytoplasm, M phase: centrioles | Root development of plants, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, HIV replication, Epstein-Barr virus degradation, epidermal differentiation and tumorigenesis |
NUSN1 | 25 s rRNA at position C2870 in domain V | Predominantly nucleolus and weaker cytoplasmic staining | Tumor aggressiveness, cell cycle progression, chromatins organization and HIV-1 latency | ||
NSUN4 | 12S rRNA at position C911 | Mitochondria | Tumorigenesis | ||
NUUN5 | 25 s rRNA at position C2278 in domain IV | Nucleolus | Cell senescence and stress response | ||
NSUN3 | mt-tRNAMet at wobble base C34 | Mitochondria | Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, embryonic stem cell differentiation | ||
NSUN6 | tRNACys and tRNAThr at position C72 | Golgi apparatus and pericentriolar matrix | tRNA biogenesis | ||
DNMT2 | A SAM binding site and a catalytic domain, which contains one cysteine residue | tRNAAsp-GTC, tRNAGly-GCC and tRNAVal-AAC at position C38, mRNA | Cytoplasm | Tumorigenesis, protein synthesis, cell differentiation, malarial parasite pathogenicity and HIV-1 RNA survival | |
Eraser | TET1 | – | Coding and non-coding RNAs | Nucleus | 5-methylcytidine oxidation |
TET2 | – | Nucleus | |||
TET3 | – | Nucleus and cytoplasm | |||
Reader | ALYREF | – | mRNA and retroviral RNA | Nucleus | mRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, viral RNA export and replication |
YBX1 | A cold-shock domain | mRNA | Cytoplasm | mRNA stabilization, embryogenesis, tumorigenesis |