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Table 2 Summary of RNA m5C regulators

From: Advances in RNA cytosine-5 methylation: detection, regulatory mechanisms, biological functions and links to cancer

Regulator

Molecular structure

Catalytic substrate

Cellular distribution

Cellular processes involved

Writer

NSUN2

A SAM binding site and a catalytic domain, which contains two cysteine residues

tRNA at position C34, 40, 48–50, mRNA (near the start codons and stop codons in coding sequence, also in untranslated region), rRNA, viral RNA, vault RNA

G1 phase: nucleolus, S phase: between nucleolus and nucleoplasm, G2 phase: cytoplasm, M phase: centrioles

Root development of plants, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, HIV replication, Epstein-Barr virus degradation, epidermal differentiation and tumorigenesis

NUSN1

25 s rRNA at position C2870 in domain V

Predominantly nucleolus and weaker cytoplasmic staining

Tumor aggressiveness, cell cycle progression, chromatins organization and HIV-1 latency

NSUN4

12S rRNA at position C911

Mitochondria

Tumorigenesis

NUUN5

25 s rRNA at position C2278 in domain IV

Nucleolus

Cell senescence and stress response

NSUN3

mt-tRNAMet at wobble base C34

Mitochondria

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, embryonic stem cell differentiation

NSUN6

tRNACys and tRNAThr at position C72

Golgi apparatus and pericentriolar matrix

tRNA biogenesis

DNMT2

A SAM binding site and a catalytic domain, which contains one cysteine residue

tRNAAsp-GTC, tRNAGly-GCC and tRNAVal-AAC at position C38, mRNA

Cytoplasm

Tumorigenesis, protein synthesis, cell differentiation, malarial parasite pathogenicity and HIV-1 RNA survival

Eraser

TET1

–

Coding and non-coding RNAs

Nucleus

5-methylcytidine oxidation

TET2

–

Nucleus

TET3

–

Nucleus and cytoplasm

Reader

ALYREF

–

mRNA and retroviral RNA

Nucleus

mRNA nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, viral RNA export and replication

YBX1

A cold-shock domain

mRNA

Cytoplasm

mRNA stabilization, embryogenesis, tumorigenesis