Table 1 Details of some factors that predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
From: Predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Type of marker | Marker | Association with clinical outcome | Cancer type | Tissue type for marker assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor genome and neoantigen biomarkers | Tumor mutation burden | Positive or negative | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue or blood |
PD-L1 expression in tumor | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue | |
Iindel | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue | |
SCNAs | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue | |
DNAm, e.g., HOX gene methylation | Positive | NSCLC | Tumor tissue or blood | |
DDR pathways, e.g., dMMR/MSI, BER, HRR; | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue | |
IFN-γ pathway genes, IFNGR1/2, JAK1/2, and IRF1 | Negative | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue or blood | |
STK11 | Positive or Unknown | NSCLC | Tumor tissue or blood | |
Neoantigen load, low neoantigen intratumour heterogeneity | Positive | Multiple tumor type | Tumor tissue | |
Tumor immune microenvironment phenotype biomarkers | PD-L1 expression in TME | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue |
Immune-inflamed TME | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue | |
T cell repertoire clonality | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Tumor tissue or blood | |
CD39 + CD8 + TIL | Positive | NSCLC, RCC | Tumor tissue or blood | |
Liquid biopsy biomarkers | NLR | Negative | Melanoma, NSCLC | Blood |
High mutation number of ctDNA or favorable ctDNA profiles | Positive | Multiple tumor types | Blood | |
LDH | Negative | Melanoma | Blood | |
IL-8 | Negative | Multiple tumor types | Blood | |
Exosomal PD-L1 | Positive or negative | Melanoma, NSCLC | Blood | |
PD-L1 variant fragments | Negative | NSCLC | Blood | |
Host-related markers | Gender | Male: positive | Multiple tumor types | – |
Age | Positive or negative or Unknown | Multiple tumor types | – | |
Body fat distribution | Positive | Multiple tumor types | – | |
Specific Intestinal microbiota | Positive or negative | Multiple tumor types | Oral or gut | |
HLA-I diversity | Positive | Melanoma, NSCLC | Blood | |
HLA LOH | Negative | Melanoma | Tumor tissue | |
irAEs | irAEs in different organs | Positive or Unknown | Multiple tumor types | – |