Table 1 MSC-EVs as a potential therapy invarious disease models

Type 1 diabetes

increase the levels of TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, and PGE2 cytokine

strengthen Treg function

[45, 63, 64]

Multiple sclerosis

increase the levels ofTGF-β, IL-10, PD-L1, and galectin-1

inhibitauto-reactive lymphocyte proliferation; promote generation of Tregs

[44]

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

transfer the Fas receptor to reduce the intracellular miR-29b levels

rescue bone marrow MSC function

[55]

Uveitis

decrease levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ

inhibit activation of APCs and the development of Th1 and Th17 cells

[56]

Osteoarthritis

increase the secretion of IL-10 Bregs

decrease the plasmablast population

[57,58,59]

GVHD

decrease the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; increase the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β

reduce CD3 + CD8+ T cell and Th17 cells; induce Treg

[60,61,62]

Kidney injury

increase the secretion of IL-10

reduce recruitment of macrophages

[66, 68]

Cutaneous wound

shuttle let-7b

promote M2 macrophage activation

[34, 71]