Table 1 Summary of the animal studies that have investigated the relationship between nephrinuria and glomerular injury

Luimula et al.

Sprague–Dawley rats

1. Animals treated with puromycin developed albuminuria starting at day 3, and reached maximum at day 6

Control = 6 Study = 12

2. Nephrin can be detected among urinary proteins when the level of proteinuria exceeds 25 mg/mL

Nakatsue et al.

Wistar rats

1. Nephrin is excreted into urine in the early stages of nephritis

Control = 5 Study = 16

Sprague–Dawley rats Control = 3 Study = 3

Aaltonen et al.

Wistar rats

1. Free nephrin was found in the urine of STZ-induced rats at 4 weeks and was at the maximum at 6 weeks

Control = 3 Study = 14

Non Obese diabetic mice

2. Nephrin is connected to the early changes of diabetic nephropathy

Control = 3 Study = 9

Alter et al.

Wistar rats

1. Nephrinuria detected prior to albuminuria and renal impairment.

Control = 9 Study = 14

2. This biomarker offer an advantage to urinary albumin with respect to early detection

Chang et al.

Akita mice

1. Urinary nephrin excretion is associated with kidney injury and is detectable early in the disease process.

Control = 8 Study = 8

2. Onset of hyperglycemia associated with nephrinuria

3. Nephrinuria rate has a positive correlation with albuminuria

O’Brien et al.

Mice

1. Nephrinuria correlates with albuminuria

Control = 12 Study = 12