Monocyte and macrophage differentiation: circulation inflammatory monocyte as biomarker for inflammatory diseases

Biomarker Research

Table 4 Frequency of three monocyte subsets in different diseases

Disease	CD14 ⁺⁺CD16 ^-(Classical, phagocytic)	CD14 ⁺⁺CD16 ⁺(Intermediate, inflammatory)	CD14 ⁺CD16 ⁺⁺(Non-classical, patrolling)	Functional change associated with CD14 ⁺⁺CD16 ^-MC expansion	PMID #
Congestive HF		6.4%↑		CD143 (ACE) ↑, Creatine↑, GFR↓, albumin↓	20364047
CKD		42 → 70 cells/μl	55 → 130 cells/μl		20943670
RA		5%↑		Th17 cells expansion	22006178
AAA		2.24%↑	1.9%↑		23348634
Stroke		3%↑	3%↓		19293821
HIV-2		7%↑		Myeloid dendritic cell depletion	23460749
Sepsis	No change	11.5%↑	6%↑	Phagocytosis↓, CD86↑, HLA-DR↓, IL-1β↓, IL-10↑	12028567
Sepsis	9.5%↓	12%↑	3.4%↓	HLA-DR↓, TNFα & IL-1β ↓,IL-10↑	19604380
Hepatitis B	6.2%↓	3.3%↑	2.5%↑	HLA-DR↑,TNF α ↑, IL-6↑, IL1β ↑, Th17 cells expansion	21390263
HIV	2.5%↓	3%↑	3%↑	CD163(scavenger receptor)↑	21625498
Denque fever	12 ~ 18%↓	3 ~ 7%↑		HLA-DR ↓, ICAM ↑, serum TNFα↑, IL-18 ↑, IFNγ ↑ ,	20113369
Tuberculosis	10%↓	9%↑	13%↑	TNFα ↑, apoptosis↑, Il-10↓	21621464

Circulating classical (CD14⁺⁺CD16^-, also described as CD14⁺ CD16^-, phagocytic), intermediate (CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺, also described as CD14⁺ CD16⁺, inflammatory) and non-classical (CD14⁺ CD16⁺⁺, also described as CD14^dimCD16⁺, patrolling) MC counts were examined in human disease as indicated. The percentage change of monocyte subsets and some functional measurements are recorded. We used PMID # to cite individual manuscripts reporting these studies. ACE, angiotensin converting factor; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CD86, co-stimulatory molecule, HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen DR (MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex class II); RA, rheumatoid arthritis; AAA, abdominal aortic aneurysms; HF, heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; →, change to.

ISSN: 2050-7771